AB A B
A B
AB A B B A
{1,2,3}
N
Z
Z
xE x E
{xE|. . .}x E
. . .
(E)E
A\B A B
xE x E
xE x E
ABxA, x B
A=B A B B A
ABAB=AAB=B
A=BAB=AB
A×B={(x, y)|xA y B}
A×B=
(AB)×(CD) =?(A×
C)(B×D)
(AB)×(CD) =?(A×C)(B×D)
P(E) = {A|AE}
P({1,2})P({1})P()
P(P({1})) P(P(P()))
x
P(E)xP(E)xE
E n
Ck
n
E k
Σn
k=0Ck
n
P n
n3P
P
A A
A
xR, > 0,α > 0yR|xy|< α
|f(x)f(y)|< 
2
• P(0)
• ∀nNP(n)
P(n+ 1) nNP(n)
P(n+ 1)
• ∀nN,P(n)
f(x) = 1
3x3+ax2+bx
a b xRf(x+ 1)
f(x) = x2
• ∀nNf(n)
nNΣn
k=0k2=f(n+
1) = n(n+1)(2n+1)
6
A
A
A
n
2
(S, A)S
AS×S
s, t S(s, t)A(t, s)A
sS(s, s)6∈ A
G= (S, A)
sS s d(s)
R(s) = {tS|(s, t)A}
PxSd(x)
RE×E
E
RxE, xRx
Rx, y, z E xRy yRz
xRz
Rx, y E xRy
yRx
R
Z×Z(a, b)R(x, y)ay =bx
f:AB A B
f:ABbB, aA|
b=f(a)
f:ABa1, a2
A, f(a1) = f(a2)a1=a2
f:ABbB, !aA|
b=f(a)
f f
E
f:NE
P(N)
1 / 2 100%