!
!!
!
!
"#$%&'()'*+!,#$!%*-&$!!!!!!!
!
"#$%#&''(!&#)*+!,())#(*!()!-$''./0-&)0$/!
./0123!4/56728275!97!2::086720:!
!
;&#!<#$$'*+!
121314#3*&!
3#$!=&>+,$!#+?#-@!,#$!AB,'>$!$*%'>-@!
,5!6789:;<95!=5>!;8=?@>!>:A?@BC!5D!=5>!E8>5@BC!>:A?@BC!DE@9>F:E;59D!9:>!F@G:9>!=5!
A:;;B9?HB5E+!=I?9D5E@J?E+!=I?9FKB59A5E+!=5!>I?9F:E;5EL!0K!@!B9!?;6@AD!>BE!KI?9=?M?=B+!K5!;:9=5!=5>!
@FF@?E5>!@?9>?!HB5!9:DE5!A:KK5AD?M?D8L!-5!A:BE>!65E;5D!B95!6E?>5!=5!A:9>A?59A5!=5>!=?M5E>!@>65AD>!
=B!6789:;<95!5D!@66:ED5!B95!E8FK5C?:9!>BE!K5>!HB5>D?:9>!8D7?HB5>!HB?!KI59D:BE59DL!0K!65E;5D!
8J@K5;59D!B95!;5?KK5BE5!A:99@?>>@9A5!=5>!5C6K:?D@D?:9>!6:>>?NK5>!=5!A5>!E8>5@BC!A:;;5!:BD?K!
=5!A:;;B9?A@D?:9!;@EO5D?9J!5D!A:;;5!:BD?K!=I?9FKB59A5!?9=?M?=B5KK5!5D!A:KK5AD?M5L!*5E:9D!
@N:E=8>!6@E!5C5;6K5P!K5!6789:;<95!=5>!Q@A5N::O!F@;:B>+!KI8K5AD?:9!=I$N@;@!5D!K5>!;8=?@>!
>:A?@BC+!K@!AE8@D?:9!=5!;:BM5;59D>!>6:9D@98>+!D5K>!R!S5!>B?>!-7@EK?5!T+!K@!J5>D?:9!=5!AE?>5+!5DAL!
12131UV3*&!
3>+=>=#!#)!)#&A'+*C*='#!AB,'>)'D-#!
.D?K?>@D?:9!@66E:6E?85!=5!K@!D5E;?9:K:J?5!6E:6E5!@B!=:;@?95!=5>!;8=?@>L!,I8DB=?@9D!>5E@!A@6@NK5!
=I@9@KW>5E!KI5C6K:?D@D?:9!=B!K@9J@J5!6KB>!D5A79?HB5!=5>!=?FF8E59D>!;8=?@>L!0K!>5E@!8J@K5;59D!
>59>?N?K?>8!X!K@!>8;?:D?HB5+!!K5!K@9J@J5!=5>!>?J95>!M?>B5K>L!
121314Y3*&!
3#$!'++*E>)'*+$!#+!%*AA-+'%>)'*+!,FG'#&!H!>-?*-&,IG-'!
&9@KW>5!=5!KI8M:KBD?:9!=5>!68E?:=5>+!=5>!JE@9=>!A:BE@9D>!@ED?>D?HB5>!5D!=5>!A:BE@9D>!59!
A:;;B9?A@D?:9L!-:99@ZDE5!K5>!F?JBE5>!;@EHB@9D5>+!K5>![BME5>!>?J9?F?A@D?M5>!5D!K5>!8M<95;59D>!
;@\5BE>!HB?!:9D!;@EHB8!KI?;@J?9@?E5L!
121314]3*&!
6)#C'#&$!,#!%&B>)'*+!#)!,I#@(B&'A#+)>)'*+!,#$!)#%G+'D-#$!#+!AB,'>!
(C68E?;59D@D?:9!=5!=?FF8E59D5>!D5A79?HB5>!59!6E:=BAD?:9!;8=?@!5D!@D5K?5E>!=5!AE8@D?:9!HB?!
M?>59D!X!5C6K:?D5E!K5!6:D59D?5K!AE8@D?F!59!>I?9>6?E@9D!=B!HB:D?=?59!5D!=B!;:9=5!HB?!9:B>!59D:BE5L!
!
J#!<#$$'*+!
12131^V3*&!
.&*,-%)'*+!A-C)'AB,'>!
-:9A56D?:9+!E8@K?>@D?:9!5D!;:9D@J5!=IB9!6E:\5D!;BKD?;8=?@L!_@9>!A5!A:BE>+!KI8DB=?@9D!>5E@!
@665K8!X!;5DDE5!59!6E@D?HB5!K5>!=?FF8E59D5>!D5A79?HB5>!@66E?>5>!=@9>!K5>!A:BE>!@9D8E?5BE>!K:E>!=5!
K@!6E:=BAD?:9!=5!6E:\5D>L!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
121314*3*&!
3#!%*A(*&)#A#+)!,-!%*+$*AA>)#-&!!
`?59!@9@KW>5E!K5!A:9>:;;@D5BE+!:B!K@!A?NK5!X!HB?!KI:9!>I@=E5>>5+!5>D!B9!8K8;59D!5>>59D?5K!=@9>!
D:BD!6E:\5D!=5!A:;;B9?A@D?:9L!-5!A:BE>!:FFE5!=5>!:BD?K>!HB?!65E;5DD59D!=5!N?59!A:;6E59=E5!K5!
A:9>:;;@D5BE!D@9D!=IB9!6:?9D!=5!MB5!>:A?:=8;:JE@67?HB5!HB5!>:A?:K:J?HB5!aJE:B65!=IbJ5+!
AK@>>5!>:A?@K5+!ABKDBE5+!>DWK5!=5!M?5+!65EA56D?:9+!N5>:?9>+!5DALc!0K!65E;5D!8J@K5;59D!=5!6:ED5E!B9!
E5J@E=!AE?D?HB5!>BE!K5!A:9>:;;@D5BE!=5!=5;@?9+!K5>!59\5BC!;:9=?@BC!5D!K@!E5>6:9>@N?K?D8!
>:A?@K5L!
121314U3*&!
<%B+>&'$>)'*+!K!&B>C'$>)'*+!
(9DE5!B95!?=85!5D!>@!E8@K?>@D?:9+!KI8DB=?@9D!>5E@!@665K8!X!5C6K:E5E!K5>!D5A79?HB5>!=5!>A89@E?>@D?:9!
5D!K5>!;:W59>!=5!A@6D5E!KI@DD59D?:9!=5!>:9!@B=?D:?E5!>5K:9!=?FF8E59D>!DW65>!=5!;8=?@!5D!=5!
F:E;@D!aM?=8:+!;@HB5DD5!6BNK?A?D@?E5+!\5B!M?=8:cL!0K!@66E59=E@!X!6E8>59D5E!>:9!>A89@E?:!X!DE@M5E>!
=?FF8E59D5>!D5A79?HB5>!D5KK5>!HB5!K5!>D:EW3N:@E=!aN@9=5!=5>>?985!HB?!=:995!B9!6E5;?5E!@65EGB!
=5!D:B>!K5>!6K@9>!=IB9!F?K;+!=IB95!6BNK?A?D8+!=IB9!\5B!M?=8:+!5DALc!
121314"3*&!
6+>CL$#!,#$!AB)G*,#$!,#!(C>+'M'%>)'*+!#+!%*AA-+'%>)'*+NA>&O#)'+=!!
-5!A:BE>!65E;5D!=5!>5!F@;?K?@E?>5E!@M5A!K5>!=?FF8E59D5>!8D@65>!5D!6E:A5>>B>!;59@9D!X!B9!6K@9!=5!
A:;;B9?A@D?:9!aA:;6E8759>?:9!=5!K@!AK?59D<K5+!=B!A:9D5CD5+!=5>!:N\5AD?F>+!E8=@AD?:9!=IB9!
dNE?5Fd+!5DALc!0K!65E;5D!=5!A:;6E59=E5!A:;;59D!>5!NbD?D!B9!6K@9!=5!A:;;B9?A@D?:9+!>5K:9!K5!
6E:\5D!;8=?@!M?>8L!
!
P#!<#$$'*+!
1ef314)3*&!
3#$!=&>+,$!%&B>)#-&$Q!'+MC-#+%#$!B%*+*A'D-#$R!(*C')'D-#$!#)!$*%'>C#$!
_5!*D5M5!S:N>!X!%BW!,@K?N5ED8+!59!6@>>@9D!6@E!"?A@>>:!5D!,?9N5EJ+!6E8>59D@D?:9>!=5>!JE@9=>!
AE8@D5BE>!5D!K5BE>!E8@K?>@D?:9>!HB?!:9D!;@EHB8!K@!68E?:=5!A:9D5;6:E@?95L!0K>!6E:M?59959D!=5!
=?>A?6K?95>!M@E?85>!a=5>?J9!BEN@?9+!A?98;@+!6BNK?A?D8+!K?DD8E@DBE5+!D5A79:K:J?5+!>65AD@AK5>!
JE@9=?:>5>cL!0K>!:9D!?9M59D8!Q@A5N::O+!K5>!M:?DBE5>!8K5ADE?HB5>+!!K5>!JE@9=>!A:BE@9D>!K?DD8E@?E5>L!
YB?!>:9D3?K>!5D!A:;;59D!?K>!:9D!A7@9J8!K5!>D@DB!HB:!5D!:9D!B9!?;6@AD!8A:9:;?HB5+!6:K?D?HB5!5D!
>:A?@KL!
1ef31"f!
.C>+!,#!%*AA-+'%>)'*+NA>&O#)'+=!E#&$'*+!JST!
gK@N:E5E+!E8=?J5E!5D!6E8>59D5E!B9!6K@9!=5!A:;;B9?A@D?:9!;@EO5D?9J!fLe!59!K?59!@M5A!K5!
6E:JE@;;5!&,-!P!@9@KW>5!=B!;@EA78!A?NK5+!A:9ABEE59A5+!:N\5AD?F>!5D!>DE@D8J?5!=5!
A:;;B9?A@D?:9+!NB=J5D+!A7:?C!=5>!D@AD?HB5>+!5DAL!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
1ef311h3*&!
U#$)'*+!,#!C>!A>&D-#!,>+$!-+!%*+)#@)#!A*,#&+#!
,5!;:9=5!5>D!59!;BD@D?:9!5D!K5>!7@N?DB=5>!=5!A:9>:;;@D?:9!@B>>?L!,i?9=B>DE?5!=5!K@!
A:;;B9?A@D?:9!=:?D!>5!E8?9M59D5EL!$9!95!M59=!6KB>!\B>D5!B9!6E:=B?D+!:9!M59=!B95!5C68E?59A5j!
:9!6@EK5!;@?9D59@9D!R!=i5C68E?59A5!=5!;@EHB5!TL!k!DE@M5E>!=5>!7?>D:?E5>!=5!A@>!a5CL!P!"@D@J:9?@c!
9:B>!E5DE@A5E:9>!K5>!JE@9=5>!;@EHB5>!HB?!:9D!>B!6E59=E5!A5!M?E@J5L!,5!A:BE>!6:ED5E@!B9!E5J@E=!
AE?D?HB5!>BE!K5!6:BM:?E!=5>!A:9>:;;@D5BE>!=@9>!K5!;:9=5!;@EO5D?9J!=i@B\:BE=i7B?+!K5>!
8DB=?@9D>!D59D5E:9D!=iW!@66:ED5E!=5>!>:KBD?:9>!9:M@DE?A5>!6:BE!E86:9=E5!@BC!5C?J59A5>!=B!FBDBEL!
!
1he31^f!
3-,'M'%>)'*+V!=>A'+=R!W#XR!>((C'!
,i8DB=?@9D!>5E@!@;598!X!5C6K:E5E!K@!KB=?F?A@D?:9!=@9>!K5!=:;@?95!=B!\5B!M?EDB5KL!,@!KB=?F?A@D?:9!
5>D!K@!JE@9=5!D59=@9A5!59!;@EO5D?9J!l5N!5D!=@9>!K@!AE8@D?:9!=i@66K?A@D?:9>!6:BE!@66@E5?K>!
;:N?K5>L!,i8DB=?@9D!5>D!@;598!X!?9D8JE5E!=5>!;8A@9?>;5>!=5!\5B!5D!=5!%@;56K@W!6:BE!E59=E5!
6KB>!?9D8E5>>@9D!=5>!>?D5>!l5N+!@66K?A@D?:9>!;:N?K5>!5D!A@;6@J95>!6BNK?A?D@?E5>L!!
!
!
Y#!<#$$'*+!
1ef314]3*&!
.&*,-%)'*+!(-XC'%')>'&#!
,igDB=?@9D!>5E@!@;598!X!8K@N:E5E+!AE85E!5D!>A89@E?>5E!B95!6E:=BAD?:9!6BNK?A?D@?E5!=5!>:9!A7:?C!P!
D8K8+!l5N+!?;6E?;8+!E@=?:L!
!
1ee314.3*&!
.&*?#)!,F'+)B=&>)'*+!#+!%&B>)'E')B!#)!'++*E>)'*+!
,i8DB=?@9D!=:?D!?A?!E8@K?>5E!B9!6E:\5D!65E>:995K!>BE!B9!>B\5D!=5!>:9!A7:?C!HB?!?9D<JE5!K5>!
A:99@?>>@9A5>!5D!7@N?K5D8>!=8M5K:6685>!=@9>!K5>!A:BE>!6E8A8=59D>L!
!
1he31143*&!
4&B>)'E')B!PZT!,#=&B$!
,i@EE?M85!=i?9D5E95D+!=5>!;8=?@>!>:A?@BC!5D!=5>!9:;NE5B>5>!@M@9A85>!D5A79:K:J?HB5>!:9D!F@?D!
8AK@D5E!K5>!FE:9D?<E5>!DE@=?D?:995KK5>!=5>!=?FF8E59D>!=:;@?95>!;@EO5D?9JL!,5>!>:KBD?:9>!AE8@D?M5>!
;:=5E95>!9@?>>59D!=5!Ki59M?5!=5!E8>:B=E5!=5>!6E:NK8;@D?HB5>!5D!=5!K5BE!A@6@A?D8!X!;@E?5E!
=?FF8E59D5>!=?>A?6K?95>!a=5>?J9+!l5N+!6BNK?A?D8+!;8=?@>!>:A?@BC+!=5>?J9!=i5C68E?59A5>+!J@;?9J+!
5DALc!-i5>D!A5!HBi:9!@665KK5!K@!AE8@D?M?D8!hme!=5JE8>L!_@9>!A5!A:BE>+!K5>!8DB=?@9D>!=5ME:9D!
E8>:B=E5!B9!6E:NK<;5!59!DE@M@?K!=i8HB?65!5D!59!BD?K?>@9D!K5BE>!A7@;6>!=i5C65ED?>5!65E>:995K>L!
1 / 3 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !