Risk factors for male breast cancer
*Cell cycle checkpoint kinase regulating responses to DNA damage.
Cytochrome P450c17a gene coding enzyme involved in oestrogen and androgen synthesis.
Tumour suppressor gene associated with Cowden syndrome, an autosomal dominant susceptibility to multiple hamartomas.
Category High risk established High risk suggested
Oestrogen
excess
Klinefelter’s syndrome,
exogenous oestrogen
Cirrhosis
Androgen
deficiency
Cryptorchidism, orchitis,
orchiectomy
Ethnic and
familial
Family with history of breast
cancer; sub-Saharan African
Ashkenazi Jew
Specific
genes
BRCA2, BRCA1 Androgen receptor mutation, CHEK2*
mutation, CYP17 mutation, PTEN
mutation
Exposures Radiation Electromagnetic fields, occupational,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons