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Abstract
This thesis aims to investigate the behavioral and neural reward circuitry, in youths at
high parental risk for major depressive and bipolar disorder, in comparison to youths at low
parental risk for mood disorders. More specifically, the goal is to identify behavioral and
neural markers of the risk to develop a major depressive or a bipolar disorder in order to early
detect and prevent these disorders, and ultimately to avoid, or at least delay, their emergence.
To do so, we conducted two experiments, presented herein in two empirical articles.
In the first article, behavioral and neuronal reward circuitry were investigated in youths
at high parental risk for major depressive disorder (i.e, asymptomatic youths which one of the
parents is suffering from major depression), youths at high parental risk for bipolar disorder
(i.e, asymptomatic youths which one of the parents is suffering from bipolar disorder) and
control youths (i.e, asymptomatic youths from mentally healthy parents). Therefore, we used a
monetary incentive delay task allowing the assessment of monetary gain and loss anticipation
and outcome. Behaviorally, results revealed a better performance in youths at risk for major
depressive disorder on trials involving potential losses of various magnitude (0,20$, 1$ or 5$),
as well as a better performance in youths at risk for bipolar disorder on trials involving
potential null losses (0$). Regarding imaging data, youths at risk for major depressive disorder
demonstrated a reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anticipation of
potential monetary losses of various magnitude, while youths at risk for bipolar disorder
showed a reduced activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during the anticipation of
potential null losses. Moreover, youths at risk for major depressive disorder tended to have an
increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex during successful avoidance of monetary losses,
while youths at risk for bipolar disorder tended to demonstrate an increased activity in the
orbitofrontal cortex during feedback of monetary losses.
In the second article, structural integrity of fronto-limbic regions was investigated,
through volumetric, cortical thickness and surface area measures. Results have highlighted, in
youths at risk for bipolar disorder, an increased volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,