cours-2-lipides-pglucides-et-protides

1
!LES!MOLECULES!DE!LA!VIE!
!
!
1.!Origine!de!la!chimie!organique!
!
!
"#$%&'&$()!%&!*+!'#*,-.*&!%&!-+/0#$&!1.2!&$!3#$(!.$!,*,'&$(!)2!2'4#/(+$(!4#./!*+!52&!
!
62&$!1.&!78!9!:;<!%=.$&!-&**.*&!)#2(!-#'4#),&!%=&+.>!*&!/&)(&!/&$3&/'&!4/2$-24+*&'&$(!%&)!-#'4#),)!%.!
-+/0#$&?!
@&)!4/#(,2$&)>!*=ABC>!@&)!D*.-2%&)!&(!+.(/&)!'#*,-.*&)!1.2!-+/+-(,/2)&$(!*+!'+(2E/&!525+$(&!-#$(2&$$&$(!
%+$)!+(#'&)!%&!-+/0#$&?!F&.GH-2!)#$(!*2,)!*&)!.$)!+.G!+.(/&)!&(!.$2)!9!%&)!+(#'&)!%=+.(/&)!,*,'&$()?!
@=IJ%/#DE$&!K!&(!*=#GJDE$&!L!*=+M#(&!C!*&!)#.3/&!*&!4I#)4I#/&!3#$(!,D+*&'&$(!4+/(2&!%&)!-#'4#),)!%.!
-+/0#$&!'+2)!-=&)(!9!-&*.2H-2!1.&!*=#$!%#2(!*=2$32$2&!5+/2,(,!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)?!!
@&)!).0)(+$-&)!1.2!-#$(2&$$&$(!%.!-+/0#$&!)=+44&**&$(!-#'4#),)!#/D+$21.&)!N9!*=&G-&4(2#$!%&)!-+/0./&)!&(!
%&!-#'4#),)!(&*)!*&!%2#GJ%&!%&!-+/0#$&O!
@+!0/+$-I&!%&!*+!-I2'2&!1.2!)&!)4,-2+*2)&!%+$)!*=,(.%&!%&!-&)!-#'4#),)!)=+44&**&!*+!-I2'2&!#/D+$21.&?!!
@&)!-#'4#),)!#/D+$21.&)!5+/2&$(!%&!*+!'#*,-.*&!)2'4*&!9!*+!'#*,-.*&!D2D+$(&)1.&!4#)),%+$(!%&)!'2**2&/)!
%=+(#'&)!&(!.$&!'+))&!'#*,-.*+2/&!).4,/2&./&!9!P88888.!!
@&)!4#./-&$(+D&)!%&)!4/2$-24+.G!,*,'&$()!%&!*+!52&!FKLCQR!)#$(!9!4&.!4/E)!,1.25+*&$()!%=.$!2$%252%.!9!
*=+.(/&!&(!'S'&!%=.$&!&)4E-&!9!*=+.(/&?!T#.(&3#2)!*&)!+(#'&)!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!4&.5&$(!)=+D&$-&/!
%&!)2!$#'0/&.)&)!3+U#$)!1.&!*&!-+/+-(E/&!.$21.&!%&!-I+1.&!2$%252%.!)=&$!(/#.5&!D+/+$(2?!F=&)(!D/V-&!9!)&)!
%233,/&$()!$#'0/&)!%=#GJ%+(2#$!N,(+()O!1.&!*&!-+/0#$&!4&.(!,*+0#/&/!.$&!5+/2,(,!2$,4.2)+0*&!%&!'#*,-.*&)!
#/D+$21.&)?!!
!
!
Un!peu!d’histoire!
!
R&$%+$(!%&)!)2E-*&)!*&)!I#''&)!#$(!(2/,!4/#32(!%&)!S(/&)!525+$()!1.2!4#.5+2&$(!*&./!3#./$2/!%&)!).0)(+$-&)!
4/,-2&.)&)?!!
R+/!&G&'4*&!*&!52$>!*+!$#.//2(./&>!*&)!',%2-+'&$()!#.!*&)!320/&)!(&G(2*&)?!!
@+!-I2'2&!#/D+$21.&!$+2(!%&!*+!5#*#$(,!%&!4./232-+(2#$!#.!%=+',*2#/+(2#$!%&)!/&$%&'&$()!%&!-&)!
4/#%.-(2#$)?!!
A.!%,0.(!%.!)2E-*&!WXW!*&)!-I2'2)(&)!+5+2&$(!+44/2)!9!3+0/21.&/!&$!*+0#/+(#2/&!%&!$#'0/&.G!-#'4#),)!
)2'4*&)!&$!-#'02$+$(!*&)!,*,'&$()!%+$)!*&)!0#$$&)!-#$%2(2#$)?!T#.(&3#2)>!*+!)J$(IE)&!%&!'#*,-.*&)!
-#'4*&G&)!&G(/+2(&)!%&!*+!'+(2E/&!525+$(&!)&'0*+2(!2$3+2)+0*&?!!
A!-&((&!,4#1.&!.$!-I2'2)(&!).,%#2)!YZ$)!Y+-#0!6&/M&*2.)!32(!.$&!%2)(2$-(2#$!2'4#/(+$(&?!
X*!%233,/&$-2+!*&)!-#'4#),)!#/D+$21.&)!1.&!)&.*)!*&)!S(/&)!525+$()!4#.5+2&$(!4/#%.2/&!%&)!-#'4#),)!
2$#/D+$21.&)!%.!'#$%&!2$+$2',?!!
A!-&((&!,4#1.&!*+!-I2'2&!#/D+$21.&!)=+44.J+2(!)./!*&!52(+*2)'&!%#-(/2$&!)&*#$!*+1.&**&!*&)!4I,$#'E$&)!%&!
*+!52&!(,'#2D$&$(!%=.$&!3#/-&!52(+*&!&(!$&!)&!/,%.2)&$(!4+)!+.G!*#2)!4IJ)2-#-I2'21.&)?!!
@&)!-I2'2)(&)!#$(!%2)-/,%2(,!-&((&!%#-(/2$&!*#/)1.=2*)!#$(!-#''&$-,!9!)J$(I,(2)&/!%&)!-#'4#),)!#/D+$21.&)!
%+$)!*&./)!*+0#/+(#2/&)?![$!P\]\!"/2&%/2-I!^_K@[`!&$!&))+J+$(!%&!3+0/21.&/!.$!)&*!#/D+$21.&>!*&!-J+$+(&!
%=+''#$2.'!&$!',*+$D&+$(!%&)!)#*.(2#$)!%=2#$!+''#$2.'!NCKAa!&(!%&!-J+$+(&!FCLH!)=+4&/U.(!+5&-!
)(.4,3+-(2#$!1.=2*!+5+2(!3+0/21.,!%&!*=./,&>!.$!-#'4#),!#/D+$21.&!%&!*=./,&?!F&((&!%,-#.5&/(&!$=&.(!4+)!*&!
/&(&$(2))&'&$(!&)4,/,!#$!*.2!/&4/#-IV(!%=+5#2/!.(2*2),!%.!-J+$+(&!4/#5&$+$(!%&!)+$D!+$2'+*?!!
b.&*1.&)!+$$,&)!4*.)!(+/%!.$!%&!)&)!,(.%2+$()!K&/'+$$!c#*0&!)J$(I,(2)+!*=+-2%&!+-,(21.&!.$!-#'4#),!
#/D+$21.&!9!4+/(2/!%&!).0)(+$-&)!2$#/D+$21.&)!&**&)!'S'&)!%2/&-(&'&$(!4/,4+/,&)!9!4+/(2/!%=,*,'&$()!
4./)?!!
!

2
F&)!%,-#.5&/(&)!&(!%=+.(/&)!/,+*2),)!4+/!%&)!42#$$2&/)!%&!*+!-I2'2&!#/D+$21.&!-#$(/20.E/&$(!9!4+))&/!%.!
52(+*2)'&!+.!',-+$2)'&!d!(I,#/2&!)&*#$!*+1.&**&!(#.)!*&)!4I,$#'E$&)!$+(./&*)!J!-#'4/2)!*&)!4/#-&)).)!%&!
*+!52&!)#$(!D#.5&/$,)!4+/!%&)!*#2)!4IJ)21.&)!&(!-I2'21.&)?!!
b.&**&)!)#2&$(!#/D+$21.&)!#.!4+)!*&)!'#*,-.*&)!#0,2))&$(!+.G!'S'&)!*#2)!-I2'21.&)?!!!
@=./,&!&(!*&!%2#GJ%&!%&!-+/0#$&!)#$(!(#.)!*&)!%&.G!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!)2'4*&)!%#(,&)!%=.$!)&.*!+(#'&!%&!
-+/0#$&?!e+2)!.$!+(#'&!%&!-+/0#$&!4&.(!.(2*2)&/!.$!#.!4*.)2&./)!,*&-(/#$)!%&!5+*&$-&!4#./!3#/'&/!%&)!
*2+2)#$)!-#5+*&$()!+5&-!%=+.(/&)!+(#'&)!%&!-+/0#$&?!
@&)!+(#'&)!4&.5&$(!+2$)2!3#/'&/!%&)!-I+f$&)!%=.$&!5+/2,(,!+44+/&''&$(!2**2'2(,&!!
!
!
2.!Les!variations!dans!les!chaines!carbonées.!!
!
!
@&)!-I+2$&)!-+/0#$,&)!3#/'&$(!*&!)1.&*&((&!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)?![**&)!5+/2&$(!&$!*#$D.&./!&(!4&.5&$(!
S(/&!%/#2(&)>!/+'232,&)!#.!-J-*21.&)>!-g&)(H9H%2/&!3&/',&)?!F&/(+2$&)!-I+f$&)!4#/(&$(!%&)!*2+2)#$)!%#.0*&)!
%#$(!*&!$#'0/&!&(!*+!4#)2(2#$!5+/2&$(?!
!
2.1.!Les!hydrocarbures!
!
F&!)#$(!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!-#'4#),&)!%&!-+/0#$&!&(!%=IJ%/#DE$&!)&.*&'&$(?!!
@&)!+(#'&)!%=IJ%/#DE$&)!)&!*2&$(!+.!)1.&*&((&!-+/0#$,!4+/(#.(!#.!%&)!,*&-(/#$)!)#$(!%2)4#$20*&)!4#./!
3#/'&/!%&)!*2+2)#$)!-#5+*&$(&)?!@&)!IJ%/#-+/0./&)!)#$(!*&)!4/2$-24+*&)!-#'4#)+$(&)!%.!4,(/#*&!1.=#$!
+44&**&!-#'0.)(20*&!3#))2*&!4+/-&!1.=2*!4/#52&$(!%&)!/&)(&)!4+/(2&**&'&$(!%,-#'4#),)!%=#/D+$2)'&)!+J+$(!
5,-.!2*!J!+!%&)!'2**2#$)!%=+$$,&)?!!
@&)!IJ%/#-+/0./&)!$&!)#$(!4+)!(/E)!+0#$%+$()!%+$)!*&)!S(/&)!525+$()!'+2)!-&/(+2$&)!4+/(2&)!%&)!D/+2))&)!)&!
(/#.5+$(!%+$)!*&)!-&**.*&)!-#'4#/(&$(!)&.*&'&$(!%.!-+/0#$&!&(!%&!*=IJ%/#DE$&?!!
C2!*&)!D/+2))&)!$2!*&!4,(/#*&!$&!)&!'S*&$(!%&!3+U#$!I#'#DE$&!+5&-!*=&+.?!F&!)#$(!%&)!-#'4#),)!
IJ%/#4I#0&)?!!
!
2.2!Les!isomères!
!
@&)!2)#'E/&)!)#$(!%&)!-#'4#),)!4#)),%+$(!*+!'S'&!3#/'.*&!'#*,-.*+2/&!'+2)!4#)),%+$(!%&)!4/#4/2,(,)!
4/#4/&)!4+/-&!1.=2*)!$=#$(!4+)!*+!'S'&!)(/.-(./&!&G&'4*&!0.(+$&!&(!2)#0.(+$&?!!
B+$)!*&)!2)#'E/&)!%&!)(/.-(./&!*=#/%/&!%=&$-I+f$&'&$(!%&)!+(#'&)!%233E/&!!
B+$)!*&)!2)#'E/&)!D,#',(/21.&)!-&/(+2$)!+(#'&)!)&!(/#.5&$(!%+$)!%&)!4#)2(2#$)!%233,/&$(&)!
@&)!2)#'E/&)!#4(21.&)!)#$(!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!1.2!3#/'&$(!*=2'+D&!&$!'2/#2/!*=.$&!%&!*=+.(/&!
"2D./&!h\!
!
2.3!Les!groupements!fonctionnels.!
!
X*!)=+D2(!2-2!%&!-&/(+2$)!D/#.4&'&$()!%=+(#'&)!3/,1.&''&$(!/+((+-I,)!+.G!-I+2$&)!%&!-+/0#$&!%&)!
'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)?!!
F&!)#$(!)#.5&$(!-&)!D/#.4&'&$()!1.2!4+/(2-24&$(!*&!4*.)!+.G!/,+-(2#$)!-I2'21.&)?!!
@&)!D/#.4&'&$()!1.2!)#$(!4/,)&$(,)!2-2!)#$(!(#.)!IJ%/#4I2*&)?!X*)!+.D'&$(&$(!+2$)2!*+!)#*.02*2(,!%+$)!*=&+.!
%&)!-#'4#),)!#/D+$21.&)?!!
FI+1.&!D/#.4&'&$(!3#$-(2#$$&*!)&!-#'4#/(&!%&!*+!'S'&!3+U#$!%=.$&!'#*,-.*&!#/D+$21.&!9!*=+.(/&!'+2)!*&!
$#'0/&!#.!*=+//+$D&'&$(!%&)!D/#.4&'&$()!-#$(/20.&!9!-#$3,/&/!9!-I+1.&!'#*,-.*&!)&)!4/#4/2,(,)?![G!
i)(/+%2#*!&(!(&)(#)(,/#$&?!
!
!

3
a) Le!groupement!hydroxyle!
j$!+(#'&!%=IJ%/#DE$&!)&!*2&!9!.$!+(#'&!%=#GJDE$&!kKL!#.!LKH!!
@&)!).-/&)!4+/!&G&'4*&!%#25&$(!*&./!)#*.02*2(,!%+$)!*=&+.!9!*+!4/,)&$-&!%.!D/#.4&'&$(!IJ%/#GJ*&?!
@&)!).0)(+$-&)!-#$(&$+$(!%&)!D/#.4&'&$()!IJ%/#GJ*&)!3#$(!4+/(2&!%&!*+!-*+))&!3#$-(2#$$&**&!%&)!+*-##*)?![(!
*&./!$#'!)&!(&/'2$&!4+/!k#*?!!
!
0O !Le!groupement!Carbonyle!l!HFL!)&!-#'4#)&!%=.$!+(#'&!%&!-+/0#$&!*2,!9!.$!+(#'&!%=#GJDE$&?!!
!
@#/)1.&!-&!D/#.4&'&$(!)&!(/#.5&!&$(/&!.$!+(#'&!%&!-+/0#$&!&(!.$!+(#'&!%=IJ%/#DE$&>!9!*=&G(/,'2(,!
%=.$&!-I+f$&!-+/0#$,&>!2*!3+2(!4+/(2&!%&!*+!-*+))&!3#$-(2#$$&**&!%&)!+*%,IJ%&)!
@#/)1.=2*!)&!(/#.5&!&$(/&!%&.G!+(#'&)!%&!-+/0#$&!2*!3+2(!4+/(2&!%&!*+!-*+))&!3#$-(2#$$&**&!%&)!-,(#$&)?!!
@&!D/#.4&'&$(!-+/0#GJ*&!*#/)1.=.$!+(#'&!%=#GJDE$&!&)(!*2,!4+/!.$&!*2+2)#$!%#.0*&!9!.$!+(#'&!%&!-+/0#$&!
*.2H'S'&!*2,&!9!.$!D/#.4&'&$(!IJ%/#GJ*&!*=&$)&'0*&!)=+44&**&!D/#.4&'&$(!-+/0#GJ*&?!kFLLK?!@&)!
-#'4#),)!-#'4#/(+$(!%&)!D/#.4&'&$()!-+/0#GJ*&)!)#$(!%&)!+-2%&)!-+/0#GJ*21.&)!#.!+-2%&)!#/D+$21.&)?!!
@&!4*.)!)2'4*&!%=&$(/&!&.G!*=+-2%&!+-,(21.&?!!
!
-O !Le!groupement!amine!–NH2!&)(!3#/',!%=.$!+(#'&!%=+M#(&!*2,!9!%&.G!+(#'&)!%=IJ%/#DE$&!&(!9!*+!
-I+f$&!-+/0#$,&?!@&)!-#'4#),)!4#/(+$(!-&!D/#.4&'&$(!3#$-(2#$$&*!)=+44&**&$(!+'2$&)?![G&'4*&!*+!
D*J-2$&?!
!
d) !Groupement!thiol!–SH!
[)(!-#$)(2(.,!%=.$!+(#'&!%&!)#.3/&!*2,!9!.$!+(#'&!%=IJ%/#DE$&!
@&!D/#.4&'&$(!4I#)4I+(&!&)(!.$!+$2#$!3#/',!4+/!*+!%2))#-2+(2#$!%=.$!+-2%&!2$#/D+$21.&!+44&*,!+-2%&!
4I#)4I#/21.&!KmRLh?!@+!4&/(&!%=.$!4/#(#$!#--+)2#$$,&!4+/!*+!%2))#-2+(2#$!*+2))&!*&!4I#)4I+(&!+5&-!.$&!
-I+/D&!$,D+(25&?!@&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!-#$(&$+$(!%&)!D/#.4&'&$()!4I#)4I+(&)!4#))E%&$(!.$!2#$!
4I#)4I+(&!+((+-I,!9!*+!-I+f$&!-+/0#$,&!D/V-&!9!.$&!*2+2)#$!-#5+*&$(&!+5&-!.$!%&)!+(#'&)!%=#GJDE$&?!j$&!
%&)!3#$-(2#$)!%&)!D/#.4&'&$()!4I#)4I+(&)!-#$)2)(&!9!(/+$)3,/&/!*=,$&/D2&!&$(/&!*&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)?!!
!
3.!Les!macromolécules!
!
A4/E)!*=,(.%&!%&!*=&+.!&(!%&!-&**&!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!$#.)!5&//#$)!-#''&$(!%&)!4&(2(&)!'#*,-.*&)!
)=+))#-2&$(!4#./!3#/'&/!%&!4*.)!D/#))&)!'#*,-.*&)!1.&!*&)!02#*#D2)(&)!+44&**&$(!%&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!
@&)!-&**.*&)!,*+0#/&$(!%&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!&$!*2+$(!%&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!/&*+(25&'&$(!4&(2(&)!4#./!
3#/'&/!%&)!-I+f$&)!+44&*,&)!4#*J'E/&)?!!
j$!4#*J'E/&!&)(!.$&!D/#))&!'#*,-.*&!-#$)(2(.,&!%=.$!$#'0/&!2'4#/(+$(!%=.$2(,)!)(/.-(./+*&)!%&!0+)&!
2%&$(21.&)!#.!)&'0*+0*&)!1.2!)#$(!/+((+-I,&)!*&!*#$D!%=.$&!-I+f$&!4#.5+$(!)&!%,4*#J&/!%&!%233,/&$(&)!
3+U#$)!%+$)!*=&)4+-&?!@&)!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!#.!D/#.4&)!%&!'#*,-.*&)!#/D+$21.&)!1.2!)&/5&$(!%=.$2(,)!
%&!0+)&!)(/.-(./+*&!)=+44&**&$(!%&)!'#$#'E/&)!
B&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!+.!)&/52-&!%&!*+!%25&/)2(,!%.!525+$(?!@+!%25&/)2(,!)(/.-(./+*&!%&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!5+!%&!
4+2/!+5&-!*+!%25&/)2(,!%&)!S(/&)!525+$()!d!FI+1.&!-&**.*&!4#))E%&!%&)!'2**2&/)!%&!'#*,-.*&)!%233,/&$(&)!%#$(!
.$!$#'0/&!2'4#/(+$(!5+/2&!%=.$!(2)).!9!.$!+.(/&!-I&M!.$!'S'&!#/D+$2)'&?!!
@+!%25&/)2(,!%&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!(&$%!5&/)!*=2$32$2?!F&((&!%25&/)2(,!52&$(!%.!3+2(!1.&!-&)!'+-/#'#*,-.*&)!9!
4+/(2/!%&!h8!#.!;8!'#$#'E/&)!!-#./+$()!&(!1.&*1.&)!+.(/&)!4*.)!/+/&)?!!
[*+0#/&/!.$&!5+/2,(,!2**2'2(,&!%&!4#*J'E/&)!9!4+/(2/!%=.$!$#'0/&!+.))2!*2'2(,!%&!'#$#'E/&)!-=&)(!-#''&!
3#/'&/!%&)!'2**2&/)!%&!'#()!%233,/&$()!9!4+/(2/!%&)!]n!*&((/&)!%&!*=+*4I+0&(!d!(#.(!/,)2%&!%+$)!*=+//+$D&'&$(?!!
F&*+!%2(!*+!4*.4+/(!%&)!4#*J'E/&)!)#$(!0&+.-#.4!4*.)!*#$D!1.&!*&)!'#()!*&)!4*.)!*#$D)?!!
@&)!4/#(,2$&)!4+/!&G&'4*&)!)#$(!3+0/21.,&)!9!4+/(2/!%&!]8!+-2%&)!+'2$,)!%233,/&$()!+//+$D,)!&$!-I+f$&)!1.2!
-#'4#/(&$(!D,$,/+*&'&$(!4*.)!%&!P88!+-2%&)!+'2$,)?!!
e+2$(&$+$(!*&)!4/#(,2$&)!%=#/D+$2)'&)!(&*)!*+!-+/#((&!#.!*+!5+-I&!)=+))&'0*&$(!9!4+/(2/!%&)!'S'&)!]8!
+-2%&)!+'2$,)?!@&)!4/#(,2$&)!5+/2&$(!+2$)2!4+/!*+!4#)2(2#$!%&!*&./)!+-2%&)!+'2$,)!#.!4+/!*&./!$#'0/&?!!

4
!
!
!
3.1.!Synthèse!et!dégradation!des!macromolécules.!
!
@&)!'#$#'E/&)!)&!*2&$(!+.!-#./)!%=.$&!/,+-(2#$!%&!-#$%&$)+(2#$?!@=&33&(!%&!-&((&!/,+-(2#$!&)(!*=+o#.(!%=.$!
'#$#'E/&!9!*+!-I+f$&!&(!*=,*2'2$+(2#$!%=.$&!'#*,-.*&!%=&+.?!!
FI+1.&!3#2)!1.&!%&.G!'#$#'E/&)!)=.$2))&$(!-I+-.$!3#./$2(!.$&!4+/(2&!%&!*+!'#*,-.*&!%=&+.!,*2'2$,&!l!.$!
%&)!'#$#'E/&)!4&/%!.$!D/#.4&'&$(!IJ%/#GJ*&!NLKO!&(!*=+.(/&!.$!+(#'&!%=IJ%/#DE$&!NKO?!@&)!%&.G!
'#$#'E/&)!+J+$(!4&/%.!-I+-.$!.$!+(#'&!#.!.$!D/#.4&'&$(!-#5+*&$(!)&!*2&$(!'+2$(&$+$(!*=.$!9!*=+.(/&!
4+/!-#5+*&$-&?!
@+!-&**.*&!%#2(!3#./$2/!%&!*=,$&/D2&!4#./!3#/'&/!-&)!$#.5&**&)!*2+2)#$)!!&(!*&!4/#-&)).)!$&!4&.(!)&!4/#%.2/&!
1.=+5&-!*=+2%&!%=&$MJ'&)>!%&)!4/#(,2$&)!)4,-2+*2),&)!1.2!+--/#2))&$(!*+!52(&))&!%&)!/,+-(2#$)!-I2'21.&)?!!
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