La gouvernance économique mondiale

G.#Buatois,#Lycée#Charlemagne,#Pointe#Noire,#Congo,#2013/2014#
!"#$%&'()*"*+(#,+%*%-./&(#-%*0."1(#0(2&.3#4566!
#
7*8)%0&+8.%*#9#
#
:(;8(#0(#<"3+"1#!"-=##>ancien#secrétaire#général#de#l’OMC)#3&)#1(3#?#,+@(11(3#0(#$%&'()*"*+(#2A?BC#
.Définition#des#termes#du#sujet#
! "#!$!$%&'()*"*+(!%!&'()!*+!&(,,-.+/0(+.!&+!1#!/')('/!&+!2'34+./+5+/)6!78+*)!3/!+%*+(28# ,+%*%-.+%D
2%1.8./&(#),+(*8!#99#.3!:!1#!,(/!&+*!#//-+*!;<!+)!=3(!*+!>#*+!*3.!1+!9.(/0(9+!&83/!.#11(+5+/)!3/(4+.*+1!
#3!5'&?1+!'00(&+/)#1!&+!18-0'/'5(+!&+!5#.0@-6!
!
! La#gouvernance*économique#est#alors#la#mise#en#place#d’un#système*»*qui*se*veut*mode*de*gestion*de*
l’espace*mondial*(où*tout*se*négocie*et*se*régule.)*!
#
E%+&-(*83#2"$(#?C6F?CG#3&)#1"#+).3(#0(3#"**,(3#45?HA#
"8(&-+!&83/+!0''9-.#)('/!&+*!/#)('/*!:!1I,+@(11(#-%*0."1(#(38#"*8,).(&)(#J#45666!A11+!).'34+!*#!
9.(/0(9#1+!'.(2(/+!&#/*!1+!&-*#*).+!-0'/'5(=3+!&+!1#!0.(*+!&+!BCDC6!E#/*!1+*!#//-+*!F<G!1+*!2.#/&+*!
93(**#/0+*! 3)(1(*#/)! 1+! 9.')+0)('//(*5+! 0,'"1&(*8# 1(&)# -%**".(# (8# 1(# +%--()+."1# -%*0."1#
3I(KK%*0)(6!H!9#.)(.!&+!BCIIG!&#/*!3/!0'/)+J)+!/'34+#3!&+!.+0'/*).30)('/!&+!18-0'/'5(+!:!1#!,(/!&+!1#!
&+3J(?5+!23+..+!5'/&(#1+G!1+*!A)#)*!K/(*!+/!9#.)(031(+.!4'/)!)+/)+.!&+!5+)).+!+/!91#0+!0(3#%)$"*.3-(3#
0(#),$&1"8.%*6!
#
"#!2'34+./#/0+!9.'9'*+!&'/0!3/!*%&'("&#-%0(#0(#$(38.%*#0(3#)(1"8.%*3#.*8()*"8.%*"1(3!=3(!
.+5+)! +/! 0#3*+! 1+! 5'/'9'1+! &+! 18L)#)! *3.! 1+*! #,,#(.+*! 5'/&(#1+*! 5#(*! *#/*! 4'31'(.! -)#>1(.! 3/!
2'34+./+5+/)!5'/&(#16!A11+!+/)+/&!0+9+/&#/)!&-9#**+.!1#!*(591+!0''9-.#)('/!+/).+!/#)('/*6#
#
<)%L1,-"8./&(#9# M%--(*8# ,'%1&(*8# (8# 3(# -"*.K(38(*8# 1(3# 1%$./&(3# 0(# +%%2,)"8.%*# ,+%*%-./&(#
0(2&.3#4566#N#
#
7O#!(3#),K%)-(3#0(#1I"2)P3#$&())(#
QO#!(3#%LR(+8.K3#0(3#S8"83DT*.3#9#S0U")0#V.(*@%1WX#!(#-%*&-(*8#"&;#-%)83X#2"$(#?C5A#
"+*! S8"83DT*.3!*+! 3%*8# (*)[email protected]# 2(*0"*8# 1"# $&())(! +/! +J9'.)#/)! &+*! #.5+*G! &+*! 9.'&3()*!
(/&3*).(+1*!+)! +/! 9.M)#/)! &+! 18#.2+/)! #3J! #11(-*6! H3! /(4+#3! ,(/#/0(+.! (1*! 9'**?&+/)! DNF! &3! *)'0O! &8'.!
5'/&(#1!+)!*+!*+.4+/)!&+!0+))+!93(**#/0+!9'3.!+@"*$()#1"#0%**(#-%*0."1(6!
!
A/! +,,+)! 1+*! S8"83DT*.3! '/)! .#9(&+5+/)! 5+*3.-! 1+*! .(*=3+*! &3! $! 0%11")# $"2! %G! 1#! 5+/#0+! &83/+!
0@3)+! &+*! (59'.)#)('/*! #5-.(0#(/+*! #4+0! 9'3.! 0'/*-=3+/0+!1#! *3.9.'&30)('/! *3.! 18-0'/'5(+!
#5-.(0#(/+6! P1*! .+0@+.0@+/)! &'/0! &+*! 5#.0@-*! +J)-.(+3.*! 9'3.! 1+3.*! +/).+9.(*+*! +)! (1*! &'(4+/)!
)(+%*'()8.)# 1(&)# ,+%*%-.(# 0(# $&())(# (*# &*(# ,+%*%-.(# 0(# 2".;6! A/! '3).+!1#! 1+/)+3.! &+! 1#!
.+0'/*).30)('/!-)#()!*+1'/!1+*!5')*!5M5+*!&+!Q.35#/!$!1"#-(.11(&)(#"11.,(#0(#Y8"1.*(!%G!08+*)R:R&(.+!1#!
9'**(>(1()-!&+!4'(.!1+*!9#S*!>#*031+.!&#/*!18(&-'1'2(+!0'553/(*)+6!!
!
"#! .+0'/*).30)('/! -0'/'5(=3+! &3! 5'/&+! 4#! &'/0! *+! ,#(.+! *'3*! 1+! *(2/+! &3! 1.L,)"1.3-(#
,+%*%-./&(!+)!&+!1I%&'()8&)(#0(3#K)%*8.P)(36!
!

G.#Buatois,#Lycée#Charlemagne,#Pointe#Noire,#Congo,#2013/2014#
ZO#!(3#0,L&83#0(#1"#+%%2,)"8.%*#,+%*%-./&(#9#E%+&-(*8#[#2"$(#?C5#9#1(#3=38P-(#Z)(88%*#\%%03A#
A/!T3(11+)!BCIIG!1"#+%*K,)(*+(#0(!Z)(88%*#\%%03!.-3/()!#3J!A)#)*RK/(*!II!9#S*!U1+*!9#S*!9#34.+*!
*'/)!-0#.)-*V!9'3.!,(J+.!1+*!.?21+*!&+!0+))+!2'34+./#/0+6!7+))+!0'/,-.+/0+!+*)!9.-9#.-+!9#.!18-0'/'5(*)+!
>.()#//(=3+!V(=*(3!+)!1+!*+0.-)#(.+!#3!).-*'.!#5-.(0#(/!\@.8(A#S11(#K%*0(#0(&;#2).*+.2(3#-"R(&)3#9#
! "+!&'11#.!+*)!1#!*+31+!5'//#(+! 0'/4+.)(>1+! +/! '.G! $!"3# $%%0# "3# $%10#%!+)!&+4(+/)!#(/*(!1#!
-%**".(#.*8()*"8.%*"1(#0(3#,+@"*$(36!7@#=3+!9#S*!,(J+!+/*3()+!1#!4#1+3.!&+!*#!5'//#(+!
9#.!.#99'.)!#3!&'11#.!5#(*!9'3.!-4()+.!&+!.-9-)+.!1+!0S01+!&+!1#!&-9.+**('/!&+*!#//-+*!F<!
0@#=3+!9#S*!/+!9+3)!&-4#13+.!*#!5'//#(+!&+!913*!&+!B<!W!&+!*#!4#1+3.!*#/*!18#00'.&!&3!
XYP6!
! !E(&;#L"*/&(3#3%*8#+),,(3#J#\"3@.*$8%*#Z!!
1+! ]%*0# ^%*,8".)(# 7*8()*"8.%*"1X# ]^7!=3(! 9.M)+! &+! 18#.2+/)! #3J! A)#)*! +/! &(,,(031)-!&+!
5#/(?.+!)+59'.#(.+!+)!&'/)!1+!,'/&!+*)!#1(5+/)-!9#.!1+*!A)#)*!5+5>.+*6!!
1#!Z"*/&(#-%*0."1(#%&#Z7_E!=3(!,(/#/0+!&+*!9.'T+)*!&+!&-4+1'99+5+/)G!&'/0!&+*!9.M)*!V!
913*!1'/2!)+.5+6!:"L1("&#G#2"$(#?`[#9#1(3#0.)(+8(&)3#0(3#0(&;#L"*/&(36!
A/! '0)'>.+! BCI[G! 1#! +%*K,)(*+(# 0(# a(*P'(!.-3/()! DF! 9#S*G! .+9.-*+/)#/)! 913*! &+! GH# b# 0&#
+%--()+(# -%*0."1!9'3.! *(2/+.! 1+*! H00'.&*! &3! aQ::X# 1IQ++%)0# a,*,)"1# 3&)# 1(# M%--()+(# (8# 1(3#
:").K3#E%&"*.()36!!(3#2).*+.2"&;#"+8(&)3#0&#+%--()+(#-%*0."1#K%*8#),3%1&-(*8#1(#+@%.;#0&#1.L)(#
,+@"*$(#(8#.13#3I(*$"$(*8#J#L".33()#1(3#0%&"*(36!7+)!#00'.&!.+9'*+!*3.!).'(*!2.#/&*!9.(/0(9+*!Z!
!
! 1#! 0,-")+@(# (38# +%%2,)"8.'(G! &+! 5#/(?.+! 9-.('&(=3+! 1+*! 9#S*! 9+34+/)!,#(.+! -4'13+.!1+!
)+J)+6!$!1(3#)%&*03#cX#0(3#+=+1(3#0(#*,$%+."8.%*3#-&18.1"8,)"1(36!
! "+*!.?21+*!&3!+%--()+(#0%.'(*8#(-2d+@()#1(#0&-2.*$6!
! !(#aQ::#*(#3I%++&2(#/&(#0(#1I.*0&38).(!\!18#2.(031)3.+!+)!1+*!*+.4(0+*!/+!*'/)!9#*!&+!*'/!
.+**'.)!0#.!0+11+R0(!>-/-,(0(+!&+!9.')+0)('/*!&'3#/(?.+*6!
!
"+*! A)#)*RK/(*! #00'.&+/)! -2#1+5+/)! &+*! #(&+*! 5#**(4+*! :! 18-).#/2+.! &#/*! 1+! 0#&.+! &3! <1"*#
^")3@"11!UBF!5(11(#.&*!&+!]V!9'3.!#(&+.!:!1#!.+0'/*).30)('/!&+!18A3.'9+6!!(3#S8"83#"221./&(*8!"1%)3#1(3#
.0,(3#0(#V(=*(3#(8#.*8()'.(**(*8#0"*3#1I,+%*%-.(#2%&)#38.-&1()#1"#+)%.33"*+(6!
!
MO#!(3#1.-.8(3#0(#1"#$%&'()*"*+(#-%*0."1(9#E%+#B#2"$(#?`?#9#1(3#2).*+.2"&;#(-2)&*8(&)3#0&#]^7A#
"+!1(>.+!-0@#/2+!&+4(+/)!3/+!.-#1()-!&#/*!1+*!#//-+*!^<!2._0+!#3!)(8%&)#0(#1"#38"L.1.8,#-%*,8".)(#
(8#J#1"#)(1"*+(#32(+8"+&1".)(#1(3#,+@"*$(*6!"+*!A)#)*RK/(*!0('.(**(*8#".*3.#1"#2&.33"*+(#0%-.*"*8(!
0#.!(1*!*'/)!1+*!2).*+.2"&;#+%*8).L&8(&)3#0&#]^7#(8#0(#1"#Z"*/&(#-%*0."1(!+)!9#.0+!=3+!1+3.*!]:e#
(;2%)8(*8#-"33.'(-(*86!7+9+/&#/)G!1+!)(0)(33(-(*8#,+%*%-./&(#(8#-%*,8".)(#0(#1IS&)%2(#(8#0&#
f"2%*G!1+*!(/4+*)(**+5+/)*!&+*!XQ`!#5-.(0#(/+*!:!18-).#/2+.!9.'4'=3+/)!3/!0,K.+.8# 0(#1"#L"1"*+(#0(3#
2".(-(*836!78+*)!$!1I(KK(8#L%%-()"*$#c#0(#_%L()8#_(.+@A!
E8#3).+!9#.)G!3/+!2")8.(#.-2%)8"*8(#0&#-%*0(#(38#(*#-")$(#0&#3=38P-(#0(#Z)(88%*#\%%036!!!
! !(3# 2"=3# +%--&*.38(3!.+,3*+/)! &+! 9#.)(0(9+.! #3! XYP! +)! :! 1#! aPbE! +)! .+T+))+/)! 1+! c1#/!
Y#.*@#116!"+!>1'0!0'553/(*)+!0.-+!*#!9.'9.+!'.2#/(*#)('/!-0'/'5(=3+!Z!1+!7HAY6!!
! !(3# 2"=3# 0&# 8.()3D-%*0(! &-/'/0+/)! 1+! &-*-=3(1(>.+! &+*! )+.5+*! &+! 18-0@#/2+! +)!
&+5#/&+/)!3/+!#0)('/!+/!,#4+3.!&3!&-4+1'99+5+/)6!"8d`K! 0.-+!1#!MeTMSE# (8# 1(# <eTE!
)#/&(*!=3+!1#!a#/=3+!5'/&(#1+!1+3.!#00'.&+!&+*!9.M)*!:!&+*!)#3J!).?*!>#*6!

G.#Buatois,#Lycée#Charlemagne,#Pointe#Noire,#Congo,#2013/2014#
77O#!I,'%1&8.%*#0(#1"#$%&'()*"*+(#-%*0."1(#>"**,(3#`H#(8#BHO#
#
QO#!I"L"*0%*#0(3#8"&;#0(#+@"*$(#K.;(3#9#0.3+%&)3#0(#e.;%*X#0%+#[#2"$(#?`G#
!
H!1#!,(/!&+*!#//-+*!^<!1+!&-,(0()!(593)#>1+!#3J!,*%)-(3# 0,2(*3(3# -.1.8".)(3!+/2#2-+*!&#/*!1+!
0'/,1()!#3!e(+)/#5!5+)!+/!9-.(1!1+!3=38P-(# K.*"*+.()# -%*0."16!"8(/,1#)('/!+*)!&+4+/3+!9.-'0039#/)+!
93(*=3+!=38(1!S!#!+/!BC[B!G#K%.3#21&3#0(#0%11")#(*#+.)+&1"8.%*#/&(#0I%)#2%&)#1(#$")"*8.)6!!
!
"+!2),3.0(*8#e.;%*G!(/=3(+)!&+!18(..39)('/!&83/+!0.(*+!5#T+3.+G!#//'/0+!(*#"%g8#45`4!1#!,(/!&+!1#!
0'/4+.)(>(1()-!&3!&'11#.!+/!'.!+)!(1!&-4#13+!1+!&'11#.6!"+*!5'//#(+*!*8#99.-0(+/)!&-*'.5#(*!1+*!3/+*!9#.!
.#99'.)!#3J!#3).+*!+)!/'5>.+3J!0#9()#3J!*+!$!.-,32(+/)!%!+/!bXH!+)!#3!f#9'/6!!
#
!
S*# 45`C!G! :! 1#!M%*K,)(*+(# 0(# 1"# f"-"h/&(# 1+*!9#S*! *(2/+/)! 1+*! #00'.&*! &+! g(/2*)'/! =3(#
0'/,(.5+/)!0+))+!-%0.K.+"8.%*#0(3#)P$1(3#0(#Z)(88%*#\%%03!Z!0%+#?#2"$(#?`G#9#K1&+8&"8.%*#i(*6!
!
! 18'.!+(33(# 0Id8)(# 1I,8"1%*# -%*,8".)(# (8!&+4(+/)!3/+!5#.0@#/&(*+!0'55+!1+*!#3).+*G!son#
cours#est#fixé#à#la#bourse.!
! "+*!,+@"*$(3# -%*,8".)(3# 0('.(**(*8# j# K1%88"*83# c# 1(3# -%**".(3# 3I"22),+."*8# (*8)(#
(11(3X#0+!=3(!#5?/+!18A3.'9+!:!0.-+.!+/!BC[C!3%*#2)%2)(#3=38P-(#-%*,8".)(!(&)%2,(*X#
1(#Y^S#4(*#/)!:!.-&3(.+!1+*!-0#.)*!&8(/,1#)('/6!
! "#!L".33(#0&#0%11")#"#+%*0&.8#1(3#2"=3#0(#1Ik<S<!:!'>)+/(.!&+*!#325+/)#)('/*!&3!9-).'1+!
:!9#.)(.!&+!BC[B!+)!#!9.'4'=3-!1+*!+@%+3#2,8)%1.()3#0(#45`?#(8#45`56!7+*!0@'0*!9-).'1(+.*!
*'/)! 1(-+*! 1#! 0.(*+! &+*! #//-+*! BC[<G! :! 18(/,1#)('/! 5#(*! (1! /+! ,#3)! 9#*! '3>1(+.! 1+! 0'/)+J)+!
2-'9'1()(=3+!Unotamment#la#guerre#de#Kippour#de#1973V!
!
ZO# #!"#*%&'(11(# 0.'.3.%*# .*8()*"8.%*"1(# 0&# 8)"'".1#9# 0%+# 4# 2"$(# ?`G#9# E(3# 3%--(83#
,+%*%-/.&(3#
#
"#!,(/!&+*!).+/)+!21'.(+3*+*!0'..+*9'/&!:!&*(#*%&'(11(#0%**(#,+%*%-./&(#-%*0."1(#9#
#
! "+*!8)"*3K()83#0I"+8.'.8,#(8#0(#8(+@*%1%$.(!Ula#stratégie#du#vols#des#oies#sauvages,#amorcée#
au# JaponV! *)(531+/)! 1#! 0.'(**#/0+! &+*! $! 0)"$%*3# "3."8./&(3!%! UCorée# du# Sud,# Taïwan,#
Singapour,#Hong#KongV!#(/*(!=3+!1+*!$:.$)(3%!U!Indonésie,#Malaisie,#Philippines,#Thaïlande).#
"+!1.88%)"1#+@.*%.3#*+!&-4+1'99+!13(!#3**(!:!9#.)(.!&+!18'34+.)3.+!&+*!W%*(3#,+%*%-./&(3#
32,+."1(3!#3! 0'3.*! &+*! #//-+*! BC;<6! !!(3# K.)-(3# -&18.*"8.%*"1(3# 2).'.1,$.(*8# 1"#
0,1%+"1.3"8.%*#0(3# "+8.'.8,3#.*0&38).(11(3#'()3# 1(3#2"=3!&3!*3&!+)!1(3#7ES#2)%$)(33(*8#
K%)8(-(*86!
!
! "+*!9#S*!+3.'9-+/*!*'/)!&'/0!)'30@-*!9#.!1#!0,3.*0&38)."1.3"8.%*# (8#2")#1(#+@l-"$(!+)!
#3**(!9#.!1+*!+,,+)*!&3!0@'0!9-).'1(+.!=3(!#1'3.&()!1#!K"+8&)(#,*()$,8./&(6!P1*!#991(=3+/)!&+*!
9'1()(=3+*!-0'/'5(=3+*!&(4+.2+/)+*G!0'55+!+/!X.#/0+!#4+0!&+*!91#/*!&+!.+1#/0+!5#(*!=3(!
/+! *'/)! 9#*! 0''.&'//-*6! E#/*! 0+*! 0'/&()('/*! (*# 45`GX!&*# K%)&-# 0(# +%*+()8"8.%*# 0(3#
2"=3# 0,'(1%22,3# (38# +),(# 9# 1(# aC6! !(# aC# ),&*.8# 1(3# *(J! 9#S*! &-5'0.#)(=3+*! 1+*! 913*!
(/&3*).(#1(*-*! #3! 5'/&+!Z! ÉtatsXUnis,# le# Japon,# l’Allemagne,# le# RoyaumeXUni,# la# France# et#
l’Italie6!!"+!Canada!.+T'(/)!0+!013>!0P3#R&.*#45`CX#1(#aC#0('.(*8#0%*+#1(#a`6!

G.#Buatois,#Lycée#Charlemagne,#Pointe#Noire,#Congo,#2013/2014#
7V#!"#),'%1&8.%*#*,%1.L,)"1(#0(3#"**,(3#45BH#9#E%33.()#2"$(#?`B#(8#?`5#
!
H3! 0'3.*! &+*! #//-+*! BC[<! 1(3# ,+%*%-.38(3# *,%1.L,)"&;# "-,).+".*3X# .*32.),3# 0(# 1I,+%1(# 0(#
M@.+"$%!&'/)!^.18%*# ]).(0-"*G!prix#Nobel#d’économie#en#1976G!/+!0+**+/)!&+! &-/'/0+.! 1+! -%0(# 0(#
$%&'()*"*+(#"0%28,#0(2&.3#456G!9'3.!913*(+3.*!.#(*'/*6!P1*!2)%2%3(*8#0(3#2%1.8./&(3#0.KK,)(*8(36!
!
! h+1'/!+3JG!18',,.+!/8+*)!9#*!#**+i!*)(531-+G!1I(32).8#0I(*8)(2).3(#(38#0,+%&)"$,A!P1!,#3)!&'/0!
L".33()#1(3#.-2l83#3&)#1(3#(*8)(2).3(3G!U0,K.3+"1.3"8.%*O!
! "8+J0?*!&+!.-21+5+/)#)('/!+)!&+!,(*0#1()-#K)(.*(#1"#+)%.33"*+(A# 713#+%*3.0P)(*8# /&I.1#K"&8#
"221./&()# &*(# 2%1.8./&(# 0(# 0,),$&1"8.%*X# *%8"--(*8# 0"*3# 1(# 3(+8(&)# K.*"*+.()A#
>E,)P$1(-(*8"8.%*V#
! "+!2%.03#(;+(33.K#0(#1IS8"8#2)%'.0(*+(!*8#T'3)+!:!18(/+,,(0#0()-!&+*!9'1()(=3+*!O+S/-*(+//+*!
&+!.+1#/0+6!P1!,#3)!&'/0!L".33()#1(3#0,2(*3(3#2&L1./&(36!U2).'"8.3"8.%*O!
! c'3.!'".*+)(#1(#+@l-"$(!(1*!9.-0'/(*+/)!3/+!.-&30)('/!&+*!#4#/)#2+*!*'0(#3J!&+*!*#1#.(-*!
+)!1#!K1(;.L.1.8,#0(#1I(-21%.6!U0,3=*0.+"1.3"8.%*V!
!!
"+*! &+3J! 2.#/&+*! ,(23.+*! &+! 0+! 0'3.#/)! &#/*! 1#! 9'1()(=3+!*'/)! 1+! 9.-*(&+/)! .-93>1(0#(/!_%*"10#
_("$"*!+)! 1#! 9.+5(+.! 5(/(*).+! >.()#//(=3+! ^")$")(8# :@"8+@()6! 7+))+! 4(0)'(.+! 0&# *,%1.L,)"1.3-(!
*8(59'*+!#3**(!+/!H11+5#2/+!#4+0!m(1-&8#V%@1!+)!+/!X.#/0+!"'(+#f"+/&(3#M@.)"+G!&+!BC;^!:!BC;;6!
!
E#/*!1+!&'5#(/+!,(/#/0(+.!1#!$!$1%L"1.3"8.%*#K.*"*+.P)(!%!+*)!5#.=3-+!9#.!3/+!+.)+&1"8.%*#.*8(*3(#0(3#
+"2.8"&;# J# 1"# )(+@()+@(# 0(# 2)%K.8# .--,0."86!"+!,'/0)('//+5+/)!&+*!+/).+9.(*+*!+)!1+3.*!*).#)-2(+*!
-4'13+/)!0#.!1+*!"+8.%**".)(3#0.+8(*8#0,3%)-".3#1(&)3#1%.3#"&;#0.).$("*83#0I(*8)(2).3(!9'3.!&-2#2+.!
&+*!9.',()*!5#J(535*!+)!1+*!'>1(2+/)!:!.+0'3.(.!:!&+*!$!21"*3#3%+."&;!%!9'3.!,#(.+!5'/)+.!1+*!0'3.*!&+*!
4#1+3.*6! 7+))+! $! @%))(&)# ,+%*%-./&(!%! *+1'/! 18+J9.+**('/! &+! n.'."*(# ]%))(38(),# 0,+@"o*(# 1"#
+%*8(38"8.%*#0(3#"*8.-%*0."1.38(3!=3(!&-/'/0+/)!1+!$!0.p8"8#0(3#-.1.(&;#K.*"*+.()3!%6!
!
777O#!"#)(+@()+@(#0I&*(#*%&'(11(#$%&'()*"*+(#455HD[H4H#9#
#
QO T*(#$%&'()*"*+(#-%*0."1(#,1")$.(#9#M")8(#0(#1Ik^M#2"$(#?``#
#
H4+0!1#!&(*9#.()('/!&3!0'553/(*5+G!1+*!)+/*('/*!9'1()(=3+*!*+!.-&3(*+/)!+)!1+*!,.'/)(?.+*!*8'34.+/)!#3!
0'55+.0+!9#1(#-%0P1(#+"2.8"1.38(#3(#$,*,)"1.3(#J#1I(*3(-L1(#0(3#S8"83!0"*3#1(3#"**,(3#455H6!E"*3#
+(#+%*8(;8(#0(#-%*0."1.3"8.%*X#1"#$%&'()*"*+(#,+%*%-./&(#+*)!&'/0!:!1#!.+0@+.0@+!&83/+!!*%&'(11(#
K%)-(#0I%)$"*.3"8.%*#-&18.2%1".)(A!
!
S*# 455GG! 1(# aQ::# (38# )(-21"+,# 2")# 1Ik)$"*.3"8.%*# -%*0."1(# 0&# +%--()+(# #4+0!&+*!
"88).L&8.%*3#21&3#'"38(3!Z!!
!
! +11+! *8'0039+! )'3T'3.*! &+! 18(/&3*).(+! 5#(*! #3**(! &+! 1I"$).+&18&)(X# 0(3# 3()'.+(3# (8# 0(# 1"#
2)%2).,8,#.*8(11(+8&(11(G!+11+!&-,+/&!1+*!>.+4+)*6!!
! A11+!4+3)!"-21.K.()#1(#+%--()+(G!1&88()#+%*8)(#1"#2"&')(8,#0(3#2"=3#0&#Y&0G!&-4+1'99+.!
3/!$!*S*)?5+!0'55+.0(#1!531)(1#)-.#1!913*!T3*)+!%6!
! A11+!3%&@".8(# ,'.8()# 1(3# $&())(3# +%--()+."1(3G!*(! 3/! A)#)!*8+*)(5+!1-*-!9#.! 3/!#3).+!(1!
9+3)!9'.)+.!91#(/)+!&+4#/)!&*#8).L&*"1#0I")L.8)"$(#9#1Ik_EA!
! "8dY7!4+3)!-2#1+5+/)!2)%-%&'%.)#1(#0,'(1%22(-(*8#0&)"L1(6!

G.#Buatois,#Lycée#Charlemagne,#Pointe#Noire,#Congo,#2013/2014#
!"#!/'34+11+!$%&'()*"*+(#-%*0."1(#>'31+4+.*+!1+*!.#99'.)*!+/).+!1+*!9#S*!0#.!+11+!#!0+**-!&8M).+!
1+!&'5#(/+!.-*+.4-!&+*!9#S*!'00(&+/)#3J!+)!&'()!d8)(# 2")8"$,(# "'(+# 1(3# 2&.33"*+(3# ,-()$(*8(3# 0&#
Y&0A!
!
! A11+! K"'%).3(# 1(3# 2"=3# ,-()$(*83X# 1(3# Z_7MYX!<@%8%# 6# 2"$(# ?B`=3(! %L8.(**(*8# 1"#
+),"8.%*#0&#a[H#(*#4555#9'3.!#**3.+.!3/+!+)%.33"*+(#-%*0."1(#3".*(#(8#0&)"L1(6!"+3.!
9'(&*! #325+/)+! -2#1+5+/)! #3! XYP! 5M5+! *(! 5+*! 2"=3# %*8# 3%&'(*8# 0(3# .*8,)d83#
0.'()$(*83A#!"#/&(38.%*#0(#1"#*,+(33".)(#),$&1"8.%*#0(#1"#K.*"*+(##,,(.5-+!&?*!D<<C!9#.!
1+!jD<!/8#4#/0+!9#*!>+#30'39G!0'/,.'/)-+!#3!9'(&*!&+*!1'>>S*!>#/0#(.+*66!
!
! S11(#*(#L,*,K.+.(#2"3#"&;#2"=3#1(3#21&3#2"&')(3!0#.!5#12.-!1+*!/'34+11+*!#)).(>3)('/*!&+!
18dY7G! *'/! #0)('/! +*)! +/).#4-+! 9#.! 1#! *".33"*+(# 0(3# &*.%*3# ),$.%*"1(3! UUE,# ALENA,#
MERCOSURV! +)! 1#! 2),K,)(*+(# 0(3# 2"=3# 0,'(1%22,3# 2%&)# 1(3# "++%)03# L.1"8,)"&;6!
Exemple#:# les# pays# riches# ferment# toujours# leurs# marchés# agricoles# et# subventionnent# leurs#
agricultures6! Le# nouveau# cycle,# «*le#round*»* défini* à* Doha* en* 2001# sur# les# questions#
agricoles#entre#les#pays#du#Sud#n’est#d’ailleurs#toujours#pas#adopté#en#2012.6!
!
ZO E(3#+).3(3#K.*"*+.P)(3#-&18.21(3#9#E%+&-(*8#[#2"$(#?`B#9#^"&).+(#Q11".3#9#!"#+).3(#-%*0."1(##
#
M(88(# 0,)P$1(-(*8"8.%*# "&# *.'("&# -%*0."1# (8# 1I"L3(*+(# 0I&*.8,# 0"*3# 1"# $%&'()*"*+(# -%*0."1(#
)(*0#0.KK.+.1(#1"#1&88(#+%*8)(#1(3#+).3(3#K.*"*+.P)(3#9!!
!
! S*# Q3.(# %).(*8"1(#9# (*# 455`F455BA# !(3# L"*/&(3# "3."8./&(3# %*8# -&18.21.,# 1(3# 2)d83#
+/).#(/#/)!3/+!K1"-L,(# 0(3# +%&)3# L%&)3.()3# (8# &*(# $,*,)"1.3"8.%*# 0(# 1I(*0(88(-(*86!
X#0+!:!1#!9#/(=3+!2-/-.#1(*-+!"2)P3#1"#0,'"1&"8.%*#0(#1"#:@"h1"*0(G!1IQ3.(#%).(*8"1(#(38#
21%*$,(#0"*3#0(3# K".11.8(3#(*#+@".*(#+)!3/+!$)"'(#),+(33.%*#,+%*%-./&(6!"+!XYP!#!&3!
5'>(1(*+.!4[H#-.11.")03#0(#q!&'/)!1#!-%.8.,#J#,8,#"KK(+8,(#J#1"#M%),(#0&#Y&06!!
!
! A/!!Q-,)./&(#0&#Y&0#(*#455BF55A#"+!Z),3.1#0%.8#"++(28()#&*#21"*#0I"&38,).8,#*3()+!:!
9+.)+!&+!1#!5'()(-! &+!*+*!.-*+.4+*!5'/-)#(.+*!,(/!BCC;!+)!1IQ)$(*8.*(# (38# +%*K)%*8,(# J#
&*(# K".11.8(# J# 2")8.)# 0(# 4555A! "+! XYP! (/)+.4(+/)! +/! H.2+/)(/+! +)! (59'*+! 1+*! 9'1()(=3+*!
&8#T3*)+5+/)*! *).30)3.+1*! 9'3.! *#34+.! 1+! 9#S*! &+! 1#! 0.(*+6!"+*! 9'1()(=3+*! &8#T3*)+5+/)*!
*).30)3.+1*!! *'/)! ! &+*! 5+*3.+*! (59'*-+*! 9#.! 1+! XYP! #3J! 9#S*! =3(! /+! 9+34+/)! 913*!
.+5>'3.*+.!1+3.*!&+))+*6!AJ+591+!-0'/'5(+!>3&2-)#(.+*G!.-&30)('/!&+*!&-9+/*+*!&#/*!1#!
,'/0)('/!93>1(=3+G!9.(4#)(*#)('/*G!'34+.)3.+!#3J!(/4+*)(**+5+/)*!-).#/2+.*6!
!
! S*# S&)%2(# (8# "&;# S8"83DT*.3# "&# 0,L&8# 0(3# "**,(3# [HHHA!H!1#!,(/!&+*!#//-+*!BCC<!1+*!
0#9()#3J! '/)! #,,13-! 4+.*! !+,,+)! 4+.*! 1(3# L%&)3(3# %++.0(*8"1(3# R&$,(3# 21&3# 3g)(3# (8#
0=*"-./&(3!#4+0!1+*!/'34+11+*!4#1+3.*!&+*!e:7M#(8#0&#eQYEQr6!d.!0+*!+/).+9.(*+*!&+!1#!$!
*%&'(11(# ,+%*%-.(!%!'/)!-)-!*3.-4#13-+*!+)!&?*!5#.*!D<<<!1(# )(8%&)*(-(*8# L%&)3.()#
3I%2P)(#"'(+#'.%1(*+(!+)!9.'4'=3+!3/+!0@3)+!&3!0'55+.0+!5'/&(#16!H3J!A)#)*RK/(*G!a3*@!
#//'/0+!#1'.*!3/!2(2#/)+*=3+!21"*#0(#)(1"*+(#0(#`CH#-.11.")03#0(#q6!!
!
E%+&-(*8#?#2"$(#?B4#9#+").+"8&)(#0(#1"#+).3(#0(#[HHBD[HH5X#f%@*#E(().*$X##
E%+&-(*8#4#2"$(#?B6#9#Q11%+&8.%*#0(#e%&).(1#_%&L.*.#"&#]^7X#[HHC#
!