M
q P
{Pi, qi}
(τ)ρ(P)P
M
M
M(π)
M(π)
M O
M
q P
{Pi, qi}
(τ)ρ(P)P
q < 0
O
E0
α
q
E
V
{P1, q1}
{P2, q2}N{Pi, qi}
Q V
CTRT= 6400km
1 / 2 100%