Relativisme, relationnisme, structuralisme

!"#$%&'()*+!Simmel Studies, 2002, 12, 1, pp. 41-84.
!
Frédéric!Vandenberghe!
!
,-$).%/%+0-1'2-$).%3**%+0-1'+.2"4."2)$%+0-''
Abstract!
Simmel‘s!relativism!proceeds!from!the!application!of!the!distinction!between!form!
and!content!to!different!cultural!forms.!When!this!relativism!is!generalised!so!as!to!
encompass! the! totality! of! all! connections! and! relations,! relativism! turns! into! a!
quasi@mystical! relationism.! Developing! a! kind! of! ‚Spinozism! without! substance‘,!
Simmel‘s! relationism! interprets! the! profane! sub! specie! aeternitatis! or! sub! specie!
animae.! Reading! Simmel‘s! work! through! the! double! prism! of! the! concepts! of!
relationism! and! the! soul,! the! author! presents! an! analysis! of! the! forms! of! history!
and!art,!proceeds!to!an!analysis!of!the!psycho@!and!sociogenesis!of!the!categories!of!
value!and!being,!and!finishes!by!showing!!how!Simmel‘s!relational!conception!of!
truth!anticipates!some!of!the!basic!insights!of!structuralism.!!
'
'
56$'*78')'9"7"*')#+3$":'.3".'-+.'2-$).%;<'
=">"+.-'?30.-'
'
@*'.)*.'9"-'(34.2%*-'(-'$)'43**)%++)*4-1'$-'2-$).%/%+0-'-+.'"*'+4-A.%4%+0-'9"%1'43*+.).)*.'
9"-'.3".-'A-*+&-'B"0)%*-'-+.1'(7"*-';)C3*'3"'(7"*-')".2-1'5$%&-'D'$7E.2-<'FSeinsgebundenG1'
-*'43*4$".'9"7)"4"*-'43**)%++)*4-'*-'+)"2)%.'A2&.-*(2-'D'$)'/&2%.&H'I)*+'$)'0-+"2-'3J'$)'
A-*+&-' -+.' .3"K3"2+1' *&4-++)%2-0-*.' -.' %*&/%.)#$-0-*.1' 43*(%.%3**&-' +"#K-4.%/-0-*.1'
B%+.32%9"-0-*.' -.' +34%)$-0-*.1' %$' ;)"(2)%.' +)*+' (3".-' (%+.%*>"-21' )/-4' L)2$' M)**B-%01'
-*.2-' $-' 52-$).%/%+0-<' -.'$-' 52-$).%3**%+0-<'FM)**B-%01'NOPO:' QORSTGH'U%' $-' 2-$).%/%+0-'
*%-' A)2' A2%*4%A-' $)' 2-$).%3*' -*.2-' $7E.2-' -.' $)' 43**)%++)*4-1' -.' 43*+%(V2-' .3".'
43*(%.%3**-0-*.' 4300-' "*-' *&>).%3*' (-' $)' /&2%.&' -*' .)*.' 9"-' .-$$-1' $-' 2-$).%3**%+0-'
230A.' )/-4' $7)A3(%4.%4%.&' (-' $)' 43**)%++)*4-' -.' 2-43**)W.' 9"-' $)' A-*+&-' B"0)%*-' -+.'
.3"K3"2+'2-$).%/-1'4)2'43*(%.%3**&-'4).&>32%-$$-0-*.'A)2'+3*'%*+-2.%3*'()*+'"*'+8+.V0-'
(-'A-*+&-+'A+84B3R'-.'+34%3RB%+.32%9"-0-*.'(&.-20%*&H'IV+'$32+'9"-'$73*'A2-*('43*>&'(-'
$7)*4%-**-'0&.)AB8+%9"-'(-'$)'/&2%.&')#+3$"-'-.'(%/%*-1'$-'2-$).%/%+0-'*-'(3%.'A$"+'E.2-'
43*+%(&2&'4300-'"*-'(34.2%*-'9"%'2-$).%/%+-'.3".')'A2%32%'-.'A)2'A)2.%'A2%+1'A)2'-X4$"+%3*'
(-'.3".-'A-*+&-'AB%$3+3AB%9"-'43*4-2*)*.'$7)#+3$"1'0)%+'4300-'$)'2-43**)%++)*4-'(-'$)'
*&4-++%.&'(-'0-..2-'4B)9"-';3%+'"*-'A-*+&-'-*'2-$).%3*+'A-2.%*-*.-+')/-4'(7)".2-+1');%*'
(-' 0%-"X' $)' +)%+%2' ()*+' +3*' 43*.-*"' -.' (-' 0%-"X' &/)$"-2' +)' A32.&-H' ?30A2%+' )%*+%1' $-'
2-$).%/%+0-'3"'$-'2-$).%3**%+0-'*7-+.'A)+'"*'%$$"+%3*%+0-H'@*'-;;-.1'&.)*.'(3**&'9"7%$'/%+-'
)/)*.'.3".'D'0-..2-'-*'2-$%-;'5HHH$7%*.-22-$).%3*'(-'.3"+'$-+'&$&0-*.+'+%>*%;%4).%;+'-*.2-'-"X<'
-.'D'32(3**-2'5HHH4-..-'%*.-22-$).%3*'2&4%A239"-'9"%';3*(-'$)'+%>*%;%4).%3*'()*+'"*'+8+.V0-'
(&.-20%*&<'F%(-01'SSG1'$-'2-$).%3**%+0-'*7-+.'A)+'+%0A$-0-*.'"*-'(34.2%*-'*&>).%/-'9"%'
*%-' .3".-' 4-2.%."(-1' 0)%+' #%-*' A$".Y.' "*-' (34.2%*-' A3+%.%/-' 9"%' /3%.' ()*+' $-'
43*(%.%3**-0-*.'2&4%A239"-'(-+'&$&0-*.+'+%>*%;%4).%;+'"*-'43*(%.%3*'(-'A3++%#%$%.&'(-'$)'
43**)%++)*4-H' I)*+' "*-' $-..2-' %0A32.)*.-' D' ,%4Z-2.' (-' NONS1' 9"-' $-+' 4300-*.).-"2+'
4%.-*.' +3"/-*.1' U%00-$' A2&4%+-' 9"7%$' -*.-*(' +3*' 2-$).%/%+0-1' -*' ;)%.' "*' 2-$).%3**%+0-1'
4300-' 5HHH"*-' 43*4-A.%3*' 0&.)AB8+%9"-' .3".' D' ;)%.' A3+%.%/-' ("' 03*(-<' F[)++-*1'
\)*(0)**1'NO]T:'NNTGH''
'

5@*'.)*.'9"-'A2%*4%A-'2&>"$).%;'("'03*(-1'*3"+'(-/3*+'A)2.%2'(-'$7%(&-'9"-'.3".'+-'.23"/-'()*+'"*'2)AA32.'
9"-$43*9"-')/-4'.3".<'FU%00-$1'NOOS:'N^_G''
'
`'47-+.')%*+%'9"-'U%00-$'2&+"0-'(-'$)';)C3*'$)'A$"+'43*4%+-'$-'A2%*4%A-'2-$).%3**%+.-'9"%'
+3"+R.-*('+3*'3-"/2-'-.'9"%1')++34%&'D'$)'*3.%3*'(-'Wechselwirkung'F$%..&2)$-0-*.:'-;;-.'
(-' 2&4%A234%.&' 3"' (7%*.-2)4.%3*G' $"%' (3**-' +3*' "*%.&' -.' +)' 43B&2-*4-' Fa)*(-*#-2>B-1'
P__N):'P_R^]GH'?300-'.3".'2-$).%/%+0-1'$-'2-$).%3**%+0-'+%00-$%-*'+"#32(3**-'$-'2&-$'
)"' A3%*.' (-' /"-' (-' $)' 43**)%++)*4-H' !)2.)*.' (7"*-' )AA$%4).%3*' 43*+&9"-*.-' (-'
$73AA3+%.%3*'Z)*.%-**-' -*.2-'$-+' ;320-+' F$-+' 4).&>32%-+G' -.' $-+' 43*.-*"+' F$-+' 4B3+-+' -*'
+3%G' )"X' (30)%*-+' (-' $7&.B%9"-' -.' (-' $)' 43**)%++)*4-1' U%00-$' 2&+3"(' $-+' (")$%+0-+'
AB%$3+3AB%9"-+1'*3.)00-*.'4-"X'("'+"K-.'-.'(-'$73#K-.1'("'2&-$'-.'(-'$7%(&-1'(-'$)'.B&32%-'
-.'(-'$)'A2).%9"-1'(-'$7E.2-'-.'("'(-/-*%21'-*'03*.2)*.'9"-'4B)4"*'(-+'.-20-+'A2&+"AA3+-'
$3>%9"-0-*.' $7)".2-H' b%-*' 9"-' $-' A2%*4%A-' 2-$).%3**%+.-' ;".' (&KD' A2&+-*.' ()*+' +-+'
A2-0%-2+'&42%.+1'*3.)00-*.'()*+'l’Einleitung!in!die!Moralwissenschaften'-.'Über!Soziale!
Differenzierung1' U%00-$' *-' 2&"++%.' A)+' D' $-' ;320"$-2' (-' ;)C3*' +8+.&0).%9"-' )/)*.' $)'
Philosophie! de! l’argentH' ?7-+.' $D' 3J' %$' -XA$%9"-1' D' A23A3+' (-' $)' *3.%3*' (-' /)$-"2'
&43*30%9"-1'4-'9"7-+.'$-'2-$).%/%+0-'("'A3%*.'(-'/"-'&A%+.&03$3>%9"-1'-*'&.)#$%++)*.'$)'
4%24"$)2%.&'43*+.%.".%/-'(-'$)'43**)%++)*4-:'$)'/&2%.&'(7"*-'A23A3+%.%3*'*-'+-'(&/3%$-'9"-'
()*+' +)' 2-$).%3*' )/-4' (7)".2-+' A23A3+%.%3*+c' 4300-' $)' /&2%.&' (-+' )".2-+' A23A3+%.%3*+'
+"AA3+-'D'+3*'.3"2'$)'(&03*+.2).%3*'(-'$)'A2-0%V2-'A23A3+%.%3*1'$)'43**)%++)*4-'*-'A-".'
9"-' +7%*+.)"2-2' A)2' "*' K-"' (-' 2-$).%3*+' -*.2-' A23A3+%.%3*+' (3*.' )"4"*-1' 43*+%(&2&-'
%+3$&0-*.1'*-'+)"2)%.'A2&.-*(2-'D'$)'/&2%.&H'I"'2-$).%/%+0-'032)$')"'2-$).%/%+0-'.3.)$'(-+'
4).&>32%-+'0"$.%A$-+'(-'$)'43**)%++)*4-'-.'(-'$D'D'$7"*%.&'(-'$)'/%-1'47-+.'#%-*')%*+%'9"73*'
A3"22)%.'2&+"0-21')/-4'M)0-$-.1'$-'(&/-$3AA-0-*.'%*.-$$-4."-$'(-'U%00-$:''
'
5='0-+"2-1'-*'-;;-.1'9"-'U%00-$';)%.'$7)AA$%4).%3*'(-'+)'0&.B3(-'d-.'.2)*+A3+-'$)'(%+.%*4.%3*'Z)*.%-**-'-*.2-'
$-+';320-+'-.'$-+'43*.-*"+e'D'(-'*3"/-)"X'(30)%*-+1'-.'9"7%$'(&>)>-1')A2V+'4-$$-+'(-'$)'/%-'032)$-'-.'(-'$)'
43**)%++)*4-1' $-+' 4).&>32%-+' (-' $)' /%-' +34%)$-1' (-' $)' /%-' &43*30%9"-1' (-' $)' /%-' -+.B&.%9"-' -.' (-' $)' /%-'
2-$%>%-"+-1'%$'(-/%-*.'A$"+'*&4-++)%2-'(-'(&.-20%*-2'$-+'2)AA32.+'(-'4-+'4).&>32%-+'-*.2-'-$$-+1'-.'(-'0-..2-'-*'
$"0%V2-1'(-22%V2-'$-"2'(%/-2+%.&1'-.')"R(-++3"+'(-'$-"2';3*4.%3**-0-*.'-*'9"-$9"-'+32.-'0&4)*%9"-1'$7"*%.&'
(-'$)'/%-1'9"7-$$-+'*-'A&*V.2-*.'9"7D'(-+'A23;3*(-"2+'(%;;&2-*.-+<'FM)0-$-.1'NONf:'fGHN''
'
=8)*.' (7)#32(' )AA$%9"&' 0&.B3(%9"-0-*.' $73AA3+%.%3*' (-+' ;320-+' -.' (-+' 43*.-*"+' )"X'
(30)%*-+'(-'$)'/%-'032)$-1'+34%)$-1'&43*30%9"-1'-+.B&.%9"-'-.'2-$%>%-"+-1'A3"2'(&$%0%.-2'
$-+'+ABV2-+'(-'/)$-"2+'9"%'$-"2+'+3*.'A23A2-+1'U%00-$'(&43"/2-1'-*;%*1'$)'/%-'-*'.)*.'9"-'
4322&$).%3*'"*%/-2+-$$-'9"%'+3"+R.-*('.3".-+'$-+'+ABV2-+'(-'/)$-"2+'-.'9"%'A-20-.'(-'$-+'
%*.&>2-2' -*' +3*' +-%*H' \)' /%-1' 0)%+' 3*' A3"22)%.' &>)$-0-*.' (%2-' $7g0-' Fdie! SeeleG1' 4)2'$-+'
+ABV2-+'(-'/)$-"2'+3*.')*42&-+'()*+'$7g0-'-.'8'.23"/-*.'$-"2' "*%.&')"'0E0-' .%.2-'9"-'
$7g0-' &0)*-' (-' $)' /%-' -.' )44"-%$$-' +-+' 43*.-*"+' -*' -$$-1' -*' $-"2' (3**)*.' "*-' ;320-'
+A&4%;%9"-HP' ?300-' $)' /%-1' $7g0-' 2-$V/-' (-' $)' 0&.)AB8+%9"-H' @*' .)*.' 9"-' ;38-2' (-'
2-*43*.2-'-*.2-'$-+'43*.-*"+'/%.)"X'-.'$-+';320-+'(-'$7-+A2%.1'$7g0-';3*4.%3**-'4300-'"*'
-+A)4-'(-'.2)*+;320).%3*'0&.)AB8+%9"-'9"%'0-.'-*'2-$).%3*'$-+'43*.-*"+'/%.)"X'A3"2'$-+'
.2)*+A3+-2'()*+'$7)#+3$"H'!3%*.'(-'K3*4.%3*'("';">%.%;'-.'(-'$7&.-2*-$1'("'A)2.%4"$%-2'-.'("'
>&*&2)$1'("'A23;)*-'-.'("'(%/%*1'$7g0-'-+.'$)';3*4.%3*'.&$%9"-'9"%')44"-%$$-'$-+'43*.-*"+'-*'
N'M)$>2&'+)'/&."+.&1'$-'$%/2-'(-'M)0-$-.'3;;2-'.3"K3"2+'$-'0-%$$-"2'.2)%.-0-*.'("'2-$).%/%+0-'AB%$3+3AB%9"-'
(-'U%00-$H'a>$H'&>)$-0-*.'\&>-21'NOTO:'4B)AH'PH''
P'!B%$3+3AB-'(-'$)'4"$."2-1'AB%$3+3AB-'(-'$)'/%-1'AB%$3+3AB-'(-'$7%*(%/%("1'U%00-$'-+.'&>)$-0-*.'AB%$3+3AB-'
(-'$7g0-1'D'.-$'A3%*.'0E0-'9"73*'A3"22)%.';)4%$-0-*.'%*.-2A2&.-2'+-+'AB%$3+3AB%-+'(-'$)'4"$."2-1'(-'$)'/%-'-.'
(-' $7%*(%/%("' D' A)2.%2' (-' $)' AB%$3+3AB%-' (-' $7g0-H' ="' (&A)2.1' U%00-$' -+.' +4-A.%9"-' -.' *-' 423%.' A)+' -*'
$7-X%+.-*4-'(-'$7g0-H'5?-'9"7%$';)".'430A2-*(2-'43*42V.-0-*.'+3"+'$7"*%.&'(-'$7g0-1'A-2+3**-'*-'$-'+)%.H'h"7%$'
8')%.'9"-$9"-'A)2.'-*'*3"+'"*'E.2-'(&.-20%*&'9"%'-+.'$-'+-"$'-.'+%0A$-'A32.-"2'(-+'2-A2&+-*.).%3*'A+84B%9"-+1'
-+.' "*' )2.%4$-' (-' ;3%' *"$$-0-*.' A23"/&' -.' &A%+.&03$3>%9"-0-*.' %*.-*)#$-<' F-#(H:NPTGH' U%00-$' *-'
0)%*.%-*(2)'A)+'4-..-'A3+%.%3*'*30%*)$%+.-'-.').30%+.%9"-1'0)%+'D'A)2.%2'(7"*-'%*.-2A2&.).%3*'2&/%+%3**%+.-'
(-+';3*4.%3*+'+8*.B&.%9"-+'("'03%'.2)*+4-*(-*.)$'(-'L)*.1'%$';%*%2)'A)2''43*4-/3%2'$7g0-'4300-'$)'+"#+.)*4-1'
3"'0%-"X:'$)';3*4.%3*'0&.)AB8+%9"-'9"%')4430A)>*-'.3"+'$-+')4.-+'A+84B%9"-+1'.3".-+'$-+'A-*+&-+'-.'.3".-+'
$-+'/3$%.%3*+1'-.'$-"2'(3**-'$-"2';320-'-.'$-"2'"*%.&H'

-$$-' A3"2' $-+' )22)*>-2' ()*+' "*-' ;320-' 9"%' $-+' ;)%.' 2&)AA)2)W.2-' ()*+' "*-' A-2+A-4.%/-'
&A%AB)*%9"-' `' sub! specie! aeternitatis' 3"' sub! specie! animae1' $-+' -XA2-++%3*+' &.)*.'
%(-*.%9"-+1'4)2'()*+'$-+'(-"X'4)+'%$'+7)>%.'(-'(&A)++-2'$-+'3AA3+%.%3*+' A)2'"*-'0%+-'-*'
2-$).%3*' 9"%' A-20-.' (-' $-+' .2)*+4-*(-2' ()*+' "*-' .23%+%V0-' &$&0-*.' A23A2-0-*.'
0&.)AB8+%9"-H' U%' $)' /%-' 43*+.%."-' $7"*%.&' -*' (-C)' -.' $7)#+3$"' 43*+.%."-' $7"*%.&' )"R(-$D1'
)$32+' $7g0-' -+.' #-$' -.' #%-*' $7-*(23%.' 3J' $-+' (-"X' "*%.&+' +-' .3"4B-*.1' -.' -*' +-' .3"4B)*.1'
.3"4B-*.'$7)#+3$"H',-A2&+-*.).%3*'("'(%/%*'()*+'$7B300-1'$7g0-'-+.'(3*4'#%-*'$)';3*4.%3*'
9"%' B)203*%+-' $-+' 3AA3+%.%3*+' ()*+' "*-' ;320-' .2)*+4-*()*.-' 9"%' $-+' %*.V>2-' -.' $-+'
(&A)++-H'
U%'4-..-'-+9"%++-' (-' $7&/3$".%3*' %*.-$$-4."-$$-'(-'U%00-$' -*' .-20-+'(7"*-'2)(%4)$%+).%3*'
("'2-$).%/%+0-'&A%+.&03$3>%9"-1'9"%';%*%.'A)2'.23"/-2'+3*';3*(-0-*.'3*.3$3>%9"-'()*+'$)'
/%-' (-' $7g0-1' +)%+%.' #%-*' $-+' >2)*(-+' $%>*-+' (-' +3*' (&/-$3AA-0-*.1' %$' ;)".' 4-A-*()*.'
+3"$%>*-2' 9"-' $-' 2-$).%/%+0-' (-' U%00-$' *7-+.' A)+' "*%/39"-H' 6$' *7-+.' +)*+' (3".-' A)+'
&.3**)*.'9"-'$7%(&-'(-'#)+-'("'2-$).%3**%+0-1'+-$3*'$)9"-$$-'.3".'-+.'2-$%&'D'.3".1'-+.R-$$-'
0E0-'2-$%&-'D'.3".1'-.'9"7-$$-'+-'$)%++-'43*+&9"-00-*.'(&/-$3AA-2'(-'#%-*+'(-';)C3*+'
(%;;&2-*.-+H'I)*+'$-+'A)>-+'9"%'+"%/-*.1'K7-++)%-2)%'(-'4-2*-2'(-'A$"+'A2V+'$-'2-$).%/%+0-'
AB%$3+3AB%9"-' (-' U%00-$' -*' $)%++)*.' +4%-00-*.' (-' 4Y.&' $)' +34%3$3>%-' (-+' ;320-+'
(7)++34%).%3*1')%*+%'9"-'$)'AB%$3+3AB%-'(-'$)'/%-'(-'$)'(-2*%V2-'A&2%3(-H'I)*+'"*'A2-0%-2'
.-0A+1' K7%*+%+.-2)%' +"2' $)' .3*)$%.&' A)*.B&%+.-' ("' 2-$).%3**%+0-' %*.&>2)$' (-' U%00-$' -.' K-'
$7%*.-2A2&.-2)%' 4300-' "*' +A%*3i%+0-' +)*+' +"#+.)*4-' FNGH' I)*+' "*' +-43*(' .-0A+1'
K7-+9"%++-2)%'$-+'>2)*(-+'$%>*-+'("'2-$).%/%+0-'43>*%.%;'(-'U%00-$'D'A)2.%2'(-'+)'2-A2%+-'
(-'$)'(%+.%*4.%3*'-*.2-'$-+';320-+'-.'$-+'43*.-*"+'FPGH'j-'A2&+-*.-2)%'+3*'43*+.2"4.%/%+0-'
*&3RZ)*.%-*'4300-' "*'A$"2%A-2+A-4.%/%+0-'-.'"*' A3$8AB3*%+0-H'I)*+'"*' .23%+%V0-' -.'
9").2%V0-' .-0A+1' K7)*)$8+-2)%' 2-+A-4.%/-0-*.' $-+' ;320-+' (-' $7B%+.3%2-' -.' (-' $7)2.' -*'
%*+%+.)*.'+"2'$)';3*4.%3*'(7"*%;%4).%3*'(-'$7g0-'F^'-.'fGH'='A)2.%2'(-'$)'.B&32%-'>&*&2)$-'(-'
$)'2-$).%/%.&'A2&+-*.&-'()*+'$)'Philosophie!de!l’argent1'K7)*)$8+-2)%'$)'A+84B3>-*V+-'(-'$)'
/)$-"2'F]G'-.'$)'+34%3>-*V+-'(-'$7)2>-*.'FQG'A3"2';%*%2')/-4'"*-'A2&+-*.).%3*'(-'$)'.B&32%-'
2-$).%3**%+.-'(-'$)'/&2%.&'4300-'"*-'.B&32%-'A23.3R+.2"4."2)$%+.-'(-'$)'43**)%++)*4-H!
!
1.!Le!relationnisme!intégral!comme!panthéisme!
'
\-+'A$"0%.%;+'(-'*3+'K3"2+1'9"%'+7%*+A%2-*.'(-'$"%'A3"2'(&/-$3AA-2'"*-'5+34%3$3>%-'(-'$)'
/%-'9"3.%(%-**-<1'+-'A$)%+-*.'D'+3"$%>*-2'9"-'U%00-$'-+.'"*'A-*+-"2'+8+.&0).%9"-0-*.'
)*.%R+8+.&0).%9"-H' @.1' -*' -;;-.1' #%-*' 9"73*' A"%++-' 43*+.)00-*.' +-*.%2' $-' A3%(+' (-+'
+8+.V0-+'AB%$3+3AB%9"-+' (-' $7%(&)$%+0-' )$$-0)*('+"2' +)' A-*+&-'`'4-'9"%'-XA$%9"-'+)*+'
(3".-1' -*' A)2.%-1' A3"29"3%' $-+' $-4.-"2+' *3*' %*%.%&+' .23"/-*.' +)' A23+-' %*".%$-0-*.'
430A$%9"&-' `1' %$' -+.' /2)%' 9"7%$' *7)' A)+' 2&"++%' D' 42%+.)$$%+-2' +)' A-*+&-' ()*+' "*' +8+.V0-'
"*%.)%2-H'U%00-$')'&42%.'+"2'.3".'`'+"2'$)'A)2-++-1'$)'A)2"2-1'$-'A)8+)>-1'$)'A-+)*.-"21'$-'
A3*.'-.' $)' A32.-1'A3"2'*-'0-*.%3**-2'9"-' $-+'.BV0-+' 4300-*C)*.' A)2' $)' $-..2-' A' `' -.1'
0E0-'+7%$'(%.'-XA$%4%.-0-*.'9"7%$'*-'/-".'*-'/-".'A)+'5-*;-20-2'$)'A$&*%."(-'(-'$)'/%-'-*'
"*'+8+.V0-'+80&.2%9"-<'F[)++-*1'\)*(+0)**1'NO]T:'NTOG1' 4-$)'*-'$7)'K)0)%+'-0AE4B-2'
(-'(%+43"2%2'+"2'.3".'-.'+"2'2%-*');%*'(-'(&4-$-2'$)'.3.)$%.&'(-'$7E.2-'()*+'4B)9"-'(&.)%$'(-'
$)'/%-H'?-'9"%'-+.')AA)2-00-*.'.2)%.&'sub!specie!momenti'-+.'-*';)%.'%*.-2A2&.&'sub!specie!
aeternitatis'FUA%*3i)1'NONf:']SG'`'("'A3%*.'(-'/"-'(-'$7&.-2*%.&'3"'(-'$)'*&4-++%.&'%*.-2*-1'
47-+.RDR(%2-' ()*+' +)' (&A-*()*4-' ;3*4.%3**-$$-' (-' I%-"' -*' .)*.' 9"-' +"#+.)*4-' -.' (3*4'
%*(&A-*()00-*.'(-+'43*.%*>-*4-+H^'U%'U%00-$'+7%*+A%2-'(-'$7)#+3$".%+0-'(-'UA%*3i)1'%$'
$-' 2-$).%/%+-' 4-A-*()*.' %00&(%).-0-*.1' -*' 43*4-/)*.' I%-"' $"%R0E0-' *3*' A$"+' 4300-'
^'5I-'*)."2)'2).%3*%+'-+.1'2-+'+"#'9")()0')-.-2*%.).%+'+A-4%-'A-24%A-2-<'F56$'-+.'()*+'$)'*)."2-'(-'$)'2)%+3*'
(-+'43*+%(&2-2'$-+'4B3+-+'4300-'&.-2*-$$-'+3"+'"*-'4-2.)%*-'A-2+A-4.%/-<'`'-#(H:'!)2+H'P1'!23A3+%.%3'k\6a1'
4323$$)2%"0'66GH'\)'K3*4.%3*'-*.2-'$-'A3%*.'(-'/"-'(-'$l&.-2*%.&'-.'4-$"%'(-'$lg0-'-+.'&.)#$%-'-XA$%4%.-0-*.'()*+'
$)'A2A3+%.%3*'PO'(-'$)'$)'4%*9"%V0-'A)2.%-'+"2'$)'$%#-2.&'B"0)%*-:'5m3".'4-'9"-'$lg0-'FmensG'430A2-*('("'
A3%*.'(-'/"-'(-'$l&.-2*%.&1'-$$-'*-'$-'(3%.'A)+'D'+)'43**)%++)*4-'(l"*'432A"+'-X%+.)*.'D'4-'030-*.'0E0-1'0)%+'
-$$-' $-' (3%.' )"' ;)%.' 9"l-$$-' 43*+%(V2-' $l-++-*4-' (-' 4-' 432A+' ("' A3%*.' (-' /"-' (-' $l&.-2*%.&' F+-(' -X' -31' 9"3('
432A32%+'-++-*.%)0'43*4%A%.'+"#'+A-4%-')-.-2*%.).%+<G'FUA%*3i)1'NONf:'NSPGH'

"*-' +"#+.)*4-1' 0)%+' 4300-' "*' -;;-.' A-2;320).%;' 2&+"$.)*.' (-' $)' 2-$).%3*' (-' .3".-+' $-+'
2-$).%3*+' A3++%#$-+Hf' ?300-' .3".' +-' 2-$%-' -.' +-' $)%++-' +80#3$%9"-0-*.' 2)..)4B-2' D'
$7-++-*.%-$1'(3*4'D'I%-"'3"'D'$7g0-1'+3*')*)$3>"-'B"0)%*1'2%-*'*7-+.'(3*4'.2%/%)$H''
?-..-' 4322&$).%3*' 08+.%9"-' -*.2-' $-' A)2.%4"$%-2' -.' $7"*%/-2+-$1' $-' 43*.%*>-*.' -.' $-'
*&4-++)%2-1' $-' ;">%.%;' -.' $7&.-2*-$1' $)' +"2;)4-' -.' $-' ;3*(1' $7-X.&2%-"2' -.' $7%*.&2%-"2' *-' /)".'
(7)%$$-"2+'A)+'"*%9"-0-*.'A3"2'$)'2-$%>%3*'3"'$7-+.B&.%9"-1'0)%+'A3"2'.3".-+'$-+'5;320-+'
(-'$)'/%-<'FU%00-$G1'A3"2'.3".-+'$-+'5+ABV2-+'(-'/)$-"2<'Fn-#-2G'-.1'-*'(-2*%V2-'%*+.)*4-1'
A3"2' .3"+' $-+' 43*.-*"+' /%.)"X' 9"-' $7g0-' )' 2)++-0#$&' ()*+' "*-' ;320-H]' 6$' +";;%.' (-' $%2-'
)..-*.%/-0-*.'$7-++)%'(-'A+84B3$3>%-'AB%$3+3AB%9"-'+"2'$7)/-*."2-'FU%00-$1'NOOQ:'NQTR
NT]G1' -.' (-' $7%*.-2A&.-2' 4300-' "*' -++)%' +"2' $-+' )/-*."2-+' (-' $7g0-1' A3"2' +-' 2-*(2-'
430A.-' 9"-' $-' ;)0-"X' 5A)*.B&%+0-' -+.B&.%9"-<' FU%00-$1' NOOP):' NOOG' (-' U%00-$' /)".'
A3"2'.3".-+'$-+'5>2)*(-+';320-+<'(-'$7-+A2%.1'(-'$7)2.'-.'$)'2-$%>%3*'D'$)'+4%-*4-'-.'$7&.B%9"-:''
'
5@*.2-' B)+)2(' -.' *&4-++%.&1' -*.2-' $7)+A-4.' ;2)>0-*.)%2-' (-' 4-' 9"%' *3"+' -+.' (3**&' (-' $7-X.&2%-"2' -.' $)'
+%>*%;%4).%3*'"*%.)%2-'(-'$)'/%-'(&/-$3AA&-'D'A)2.%2'(-'$7%*.&2%-"21'+-'K3"-'"*'A234-++"+'&.-2*-$'-*'*3"+H'@.'$-+'
>2)*(-+';320-+'()*+'$-+9"-$$-+'*3"+'+.2"4."23*+'$-+'43*.-*"+'(-'$)'/%-'+3*.'$-+'+8*.BV+-+1'$-+')*.)>3*%+0-+'
-.'$-+'430A230%+'(-'4-+'(-"X')+A-4.+';3*()0-*.)"X<'FU%00-$1'NOOQ:'NSPGH''
'
@.'+%'.-$'-+.'-;;-4.%/-0-*.'$-'4)+1'+%'$-'03*(-'-+.'4B)9"-';3%+' 5A$%&<'()*+'$7g0-'A)2'"*-'
;320-' (%;;&2-*.-1' )$32+' $7-++-*4-' (-' $7-+.B&.%9"-' 9"%' 43*+%+.-1' 4300-' *-' 4-++-' (-' $-'
2)AA-$-2'I)/%('o2%+#8'Fo2%+#81'NOTNc'NOT]G1'()*+'$-';)%.'9"-''
'
5HHH$-'.8A-')AA)2)%++-'()*+'$)'+%*>"$)2%.&1'$)'$3%'()*+'$-'43*.%*>-*.1'$7-++-*4-'-.'$)'+%>*%;%4).%3*'(-+'4B3+-+'()*+'
$7-X.&2%-"2'-.'$-';">%.%;<'FU%00-$1'NOOP):'NOTG1'
!
*7-+.'9"7"*'4)+'A)2.%4"$%-2'A)20%'(7)".2-+HQ'M)%+1'+%'.3".'2-*/3%-'A3.-*.%-$$-0-*.')"'+-*+'
>$3#)$' (-' $)' /%-1' +%' $)' A23;3*(-"2' (-' $)' /%-' +-' 2-.23"/-' )"' 42-"X' (-+' )AA)2-*4-+1' +%' $-'
A234B-'-.'$-'$3%*.)%*'+-'2-K3%>*-*.'()*+'"*-'-XA&2%-*4-'5+"#$%0-<'FL)*.G'-.'5)"2).%9"-<'
Fb-*K)0%*G1')$32+'$-'03*(-'-+.'"*'-.'4B)9"-')AA)2-*4-'+-'$)%++-'%*.-2A2&.-2'4300-'"*'
+80#3$-'2-*/38)*.'D'$7"*%.&'("'03*(-1'D'$7"*%.&'(-'$7g0-H'
=' $)' A$)4-' (7"*' +8+.V0-1' (&()%>*&' 4300-' 5A2&K">&' 03*%+.-<' FU%00-$1' NOP]:' a666G1'
U%00-$' *3"+' A23A3+-' )%*+%' "*-' 0&(%.).%3*' 43*.%*"-' +"2' $)' .3.)$%.&' (-' $)' /%-' D' A)2.%2'
(7"*-')*)$8+-'*3*'+8+.&0).%9"-'9"%'.2)9"-'-.'&.)#$%.'(-+'43**-4.%3*+')*)$3>%9"-+'-.'(-+'
2-$).%3*+' 0&.3*80%9"-+' -*.2-' $-+' 4B3+-+' +"A-2;%4%-$$-+H' ,-*3")*.' )AA)2-00-*.' )/-4'
$7-0A$3%' 43+03$3>%9"-' (-' $7)*)$3>%-' 4B-i' !$).3*' F!$).3*1' NOP]:' ^N)G1' 9"%' $7".%$%+-' A3"2'
2&A3*(2-'D'$)'9"-+.%3*'4300-*.'$-+'(%/-2+'&$&0-*.+'+-'$)%++-*.'%*.&>2-2'()*+'"*'43+03+'
#%-*'32(3**&1'U%00-$'2-$%-'.3".-+'$-+'4B3+-+'-*.2-'-$$-+'-*'(&4-$)*.'(-+'2-++-0#$)*4-+'
-*.2-' $-+' 4B3+-+' $-+' A$"+' (%+A)2).-+' -.' -*' $-+' %*.-2A2&.)*.' 4300-' (-+' 2-A2&+-*.)*.+'
+80#3$%9"-+'("'+-*+'>$3#)$'(-'$)'/%-H'?300-'%$'*-'(%+A3+-'A)+'(7"*'+8+.V0-'9"%'-*>$3#-'
$)'.3.)$%.&'("'03*(-'`'$)'.3.)$%.&'*7-+.'A)+'(3**&-'4300-'A3%*.'(-'(&A)2.1'0)%+')49"%+-'
A)2'-22)*4-+')*)$3>%9"-+'4300-'A3%*.'(7)22%/&-'`1'%$'4B-24B-'D'4)A.-2'4-$$-R4%'-*'2-+.)*.'
)'$)'+"2;)4-'(-+'4B3+-+1'4300-'p%-.i+4B-'$7)/)%.'(7)%$$-"2+'-XA$%4%.-0-*.'(-0)*(&:''
'
f' I-' 0E0-' 9"73*' )' A"' (&;%*%2' $)' +4.2"4."2)$%+0-' 4300-' "*' 5Z)*.%+0-' +)*+' +"K-.<' F,%43-"2G1' 3*' A3"22)%.'
(&42%2-'$-'2-$).%3**%+0-'(-'U%00-$'4300-'"*'+A%*3i%+0-'+)*+'+"#+.)*4-H''
]' j-' *3.-' -*' A)++)*.' 9"7"*' )".2-' AB%$3+3AB-' *&3RZ)*.%-*' -+.' )22%/&' D' $)' 0E0-' 43*4$"+%3*' 43*4-2*)*.'
$7&.B%9"-'-.'$7-+.B&.%9"-H'I)*+'"*'(-+'+-+'Cahiers,'n%..>-*+.-%*'&.)#$%.'"*-'43**-4.%3*'9"73*'A3"22)%.')AA-$-2'
508+.%9"-<'-*.2-'$7-.B%9"-'-.'$7-+.B&.%9"-:'5\73-"/2-'(7)2.'-+.'$73#K-.'/"'sub!specie!aeternitatisc'-.'$)'#3**-'/%-'
-+.' $-' 03*(-' /"' sub! specie! aeternitatisH' ?7-+.' $)' 43**-4.%3*' -*.2-' $7)2.' -.' $7&.B%9"-H' \7)AA234B-' 32(%*)%2-'
43*+%+.-'D'/3%2'$-+'4B3+-+'("'0%$%-"c'$7)AA234B-'sup!specie!aeternitatis'$-+'43*+%(V2-'(-'$7-X.&2%-"2H'I-'.-$$-'
+32.-'9"7-$$-+'3*.'$-'03*(-''-*.%-2'4300-')22%V2-RA$)*<'Fn%..>-*+.-%*1'NOQN:'T^GH'
Q'I)*+'+3*'%*.-2A2&.).%3*'%0A2-++%3*)*.-'("'5A)*.B&%+0-'-+.B&.%9"-<'(-'U%00-$1'o2%+#8'%*+%+.-'()/)*.)>-'
+"2' $-' 43.&' -+.B&.%9"-' F3"' #)"(-$)%2%-*G' 9"-' +"2' $-' 4Y.&' A)*.B&%+.-' F3"' +A%*3i%+.-G' ("' 2-$).%3**%+0-'
+%00-$%-*H''@*'A)2.)*.1'4300-'K-'$-'A23A3+-1'("'A)*.B&%+0-'-.'-*'$7%*.-2A2&.)*.'4300-'"*'A)*;320%+0-1'$)'
A$)4-'(-'$7-+.B&.%9"-'-+.'D'$)';3%+'>&*&2)$%+&-'-.'A)2.%4"$)2%+&-H''

5p3"+'(-/3*+'2-(-/-*%2'(-'#3*+'/3%+%*+'(-+'4B3+-+'$-+'A$"+'A234B-+'-.'*3*'A)+'(%2%>-2'$-'2->)2(')/-4'0&A2%+'
)"R(-++"+'(7-$$-+'/-2+'$-+'*")>-+'-.'$-+'0)$%*+'-+A2%.+'(-'$)'*"%.'4300-'*3"+'$7)/3*+';)%.'K"+9"7D'A2&+-*.<'
Fp%-.i+4B-1'NOT_:']]NGH''
'
='$)'(%;;&2-*4-'(-'p%-.i+4B-1'U%00-$'*-'.%2-'4-A-*()*.'A)+'+3*'0)2.-)"'A3"2'(&.2"%2-'
$-+'-++-*4-+'0&.)AB8+%9"-+1'0)%+1'A$).3*%+)*.'A)2'.-0A&2)0-*.1'%$'+-'43$$-'D'-"X'A3"2'-*'
.%2-2'(-'$)'0&.)AB8+%9"-H'
U%->;2%-(' L2)4)"-21' 9"%' )' &42%.' $7"*' (-+' 0-%$$-"2+' -++)%+' +"2' $7)AA234B-' +A&4%;%9"-0-*.'
+%00-$%-**-1')'#%-*'+)%+%'$-'A2%*4%A-'54-*.2)$<'3"'52&>"$).%;<'(-'$)'A-*+&-'+%00-$%-**-1'D'
+)/3%2' 9"75HHH-*.2-'4B)9"-' A3%*.'("' 03*(-'-.'4B)9"-' )".2-' A3%*.' %$' -X%+.-'(-+';324-+' -.'
(-+'2-$).%3*+'0"."-$$-+<'FU%00-$1'NOTO):'N^_G'S:''
'
5m3".-+'$-+'-XA2-++%3*+'(-'$)'/%-'+A%2%."-$$-'`')%*+%'A3"22)%.R3*';320"$-2'4-'A2%*4%A-'`'+-'.23"/-*.'()*+'"*-'
0"$.%A$%4%.&' %**30#2)#$-' (-' 2-$).%3*+' -.' )"4"*-' *-' A-".' E.2-' )#+.2)%.-' (-+' 2-$).%3*+' ()*+' $)9"-$$-' -$$-' +-'
2-.23"/-')/-4'$-+')".2-+H'dHHHe'?B)9"-'A3%*.'(-'$)'.3.)$%.&'2-*/3%-'D'"*')".2-'A3%*.1'"*'AB&*30V*-'A32.-'-.'-*'
+3".%-*.'"*')".2-1'%$'*78')'2%-*'(7)#+3$"'9"%'*-'+3%.'A)+'2-$%&')/-4'$-'2-+.-'(-+'AB&*30V*-+'-.'A3++V(-'"*-'
/)$%(%.&'-*'-.'A3"2'+3%<'FL2)4)"-21'NOSS:'PNT'-.'P^OGH'
'
\)' A-*+&-' )*)$3>%9"-' (-' U%00-$' -+.' "*-' A-*+&-' -*' 2&+-)"' -.1' -*' .)*.' 9"-' .-$$-1' "*-'
A-*+&-R*30)(-'(-'2)*(3**-"2'-+.'4B-i'$"%'+"2'4B)9"-'4B-0%*H'a3%$D'4-'9"l-*'(%.'M%4B-$'
U-22-+'FNOSf:'PSG1'D'A23A3+'(-'\-%#*%i:'5q$-+'4B-0%*+'("'2&+-)"'+3*.')*)$3>%9"-+:'A)2'$)'
+3"A$-++-' (-+' +%0%$%."(-+' 43*.%*"&-+' (-' A$)4-' -*' A$)4-1' %$' -X%+.-' .3"K3"2+1' 9"-$$-+' 9"-'
+3%-*.'$-+'A$)4-+1')"'03%*+'"*'4B-0%*'(-'$l"*-'(-'$l"*-'9"-$43*9"-'D'"*-')".2-'(3**&-1'
3"'(-'$l"*-'(3**&-'D'"*-')".2-'9"-$43*9"-c'-.'A$"+%-"2+1'$-'A$"+'+3"/-*.c'D'$)'$%0%.-'.3"+H'
@.2-+'-.'4B3+-+1'+)%+%-+'()*+'-.'A)2'$-'2&+-)"1'+3*.'D'$l%*.-2+-4.%3*'(l)".)*.'(-'4B-0%*+'
9"-'$l3*'/-".1'-.'(3*4'$-'0%42343+0-'-+.'A)2.3".<'FU-22-+1'MH:'r-20V+'666H'\)'.2)("4.%3*H'
!)2%+:'M%*"%.GH'@.'(-'0E0-'A3"2'$-'0)42343+0-1'4)2'A3"2'\-%#*%i'4300-'A3"2'U%00-$1'
$)'A-*+&-'(-'*30)(-'-+.'&>)$-0-*.'"*-'A-*+&-'(-'03*)(-H'
'
I3.&'4300-'*"$')".2-'(-'4-.'532>)*-'2&4-A.%;'-.'2&)4.%;'D'$)'.3.)$%.&'(-'$7E.2-<'FU%00-$1'
NOOQ:NQG' 9"7-+.' $7g0-1' $-' AB%$3+3AB-' A2).%9"-' $)' 5+43$)+.%9"-' ("' #3".' (-' (3%>.<'
FScholastik! der! Fingerspitzenc' b$34B1' NOQO:' Q_G' -.' A23("%.' $)' .3.)$%.&' D' A)2.%2' (-+'
;2)>0-*.+1' -*' %*.-2A2&.)*.' 4-+' (-2*%-2+' 4300-' (-+' 503*)(-+<' 9"%1' 43*.-*)*.' -*'
A"%++)*4-1'.3".-+'$-+';)4-..-+'(-'$)'2&)$%.&1'2-*/3%-*.')"'+-*+'"$.%0-'(-'$7s.2-:''
'
5?-'9"%'07)AA)2)W.'(-A"%+'.3"K3"2+'4300-'$)'.g4B-'(-'$)'AB%$3+3AB%-1'D'+)/3%2'-*/38-2'"*-'+3*(-'9"%'2-$%-'$-'
+%*>"$%-2' %00&(%).1' +3%.' 4-' 9"%' -+.' +%0A$-0-*.' (3**&1' D' $)' +.2).-' (-+' +%>*%;%4).%3*+' +A%2%."-$$-+' "$.%0-+<'
FU%00-$1'NOP]:'a66GH''
'
a3%$D' $)' *3+.)$>%-' (-' $7s.2-1' 3"' +%' $73*' A2&;V2-' $)' 2&;&2-*4-' 2-$%>%-"+-' D' $7=".2-1' 9"%'
%*.23*%+-'$)'AB%$3+3AB%-'4300-'/%+%3*'(-'03*(-'FWeltanschauungG'A)*.B&%+.-HT'
@*'.)*.'9"7-XA2-++%3*'43B&2-*.-'(-'$)'.3.)$%.&'(-'$7s.2-1'%*."%.%3**&-'A)2'$-'AB%$3+3AB-1'$)'
/%+%3*' ("' 03*(-' )2.%4"$-' #%-*' A$"+' +)' A-2+3**)$%.&' A)2.%4"$%V2-' 9"-' $73#K-4.%/%.&' ("'
03*(-H'I)*+'4-..-'A-2+A-4.%/-'-XA2-++%3**%+.-'`'3"'0%-"X:'5-XA2-++%/%+.-<'Fm)8$32G1'4)2'
(7)A2V+' U%00-$1' $73-"/2-' (7)2.' -XA2-++%3**%+.-' +-' 4)2)4.&2%+-' A2&4%+&0-*.' A)2' +3*'
terminus!ad!quem'FU%00-$1'NOP^:'^_^G'`1'$7"*%.&'*-'A23/%-*.'A)+'(-+'43*.-*"+'3#K-4.%;+'
("' 03*(-1' 0)%+' (-' $)' 0&(%.).%3*' +"#K-4.%/-' ("' AB%$3+3AB-1' -XA2%0)*.' +3*' 5)..%."(-<'
A-2+3**-$$-'-*/-2+'$)'.3.)$%.&'("'03*(-H''
7 “N’importe quel point d’un rhizome peut être connecté avec n’importe quel autre, et doit
l’être”(Deleuze et Guattari, 1980: 13). Si Simmel aurait pu signer le principe leibnizien de la
connexion rhizomorphique qu’on trouve chez Deleuze et Guattari, il n’aurait cependant pas pu
accepter leur principe d’immanence et leur refus de toute unité, de toute totalité, de toute
transcendance. Tout est un et tout est proche de Dieu, mais seulement parce que Dieu englobe tout.
T'\-'5A)*.B&%+0-'-+.B&.%9"-<'(-'U%00-$'A-".'E.2-'(&42%.'4300-'"*'508+.%4%+0-'+)*+'I%-"<'Fa)$&281'NOQ_:'
^fGH' @*' A3"++)*.' $7%*.-2A2&.).%3*' Z2)4)"-2%-**-' (-' U%00-$' ()*+' "*-' (%2-4.%3*' .B&3$3>%9"-1' K-' 2-K3%*+'
/3$3*.%-2+'$7-X4-$$-*.-'%*.-2A2&.).%3*'(-'\)*(0)**'F\)*(0)**1'NO]S1'NOQTGH'