Summary
Melanoma is a highly lethal cutaneous tumor, killing affected patients through multiple, poorly
immunogenic metastases. Suboptimal activation of T lymphocytes by melanoma cells is
often due to the defective expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens (MHC-I) and
costimulatory molecules, or to the capacity of FasL molecules expressed on melanoma cells
to induce lymphocyte apoptosis.
In this work, I demonstrated that statins, inhibitors of HMGCoA reductase, enhance mIFN-γ
induced expression of MHC class I antigens on murine B16F10 melanoma. GGTI-
298, a geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor, mimics this effect of statins that is related to
peptide transporter protein TAP1 up-regulation. Simultaneously, GGTI-298 induces the
expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules. C3 exoenzyme, which selectively
inactivates Rho proteins, phenocopies the effects of GGTI-298, indicating a role for Rho
proteins in these events. Furthermore, the treatment of B16F10 cells with GGTI-298 or C3
exoenzyme associated with mIFN-gamma induces in vivo tumor growth slowing down in
immunocompetent but not in nu/nu syngeneic mice. Both in vivo injections and in vitro
restimulation of splenocytes with GGTI-298- and mIFN-gamma-treated B16F10 cells induces
an enhancement of specific CD8 T lymphocytes labeled by TRP-2/H-2K(b) tetramers. Using
a human melanoma model (LB1319-MEL), we demonstrated that in vitro treatment with
hIFN-γ and GGTI-298 led to the up regulation of MHC-I and a costimulatory molecule CD86
and down regulation of an inhibitory molecule PD-1L. Co-culture experiments with peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) revealed that modifications induced by hIFN-! and GGTI-
298 on the selected melanoma cells, enables the stimulation of lymphocytes from HLA
compatible healthy donors. Indeed, as compared with untreated melanoma cells,
pretreatment with hIFN-γ and GGTI-298 together rendered the melanoma cells more efficient
at inducing the: i) activation of CD8 T lymphocytes (CD8+/CD69+); ii) proliferation of tumor-
specific CD8 T cells (MelanA-MART1/TCR+); iii) secretion of hIFN-γ; and iv) anti-melanoma
specific cytotoxic cells. In this study, it is shown that vaccination with mIFN-γ and GGTI-298
pretreated B16F10 cells induces a protection against untreated tumor growth and pulmonary
metastases implantation.
Furthermore the capacity of FasL molecules expressed on melanoma cells to induce
lymphocyte apoptosis contributes to either antitumor immune response or escape depending
on their expression level. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms regulating FasL
protein expression. Using the murine B16F10 melanoma model weakly positive for FasL, we
demonstrated that in vitro treatment with statins enhances membrane FasL expression. C3
exotoxin and the geranylgeranyl transferase I inhibitor GGTI-298, mimic this effect. Inhibition
of RhoA expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased membrane FasL expression,
whereas overexpression of constitutively active RhoA following transfection of RhoAV14
plasmid decreased it. Moreover, the inhibition of a RhoA downstream effector p160ROCK
also induced this FasL overexpression. We conclude that the RhoA/ROCK pathway
negatively regulates membrane FasL expression in these melanoma cells. Furthermore, we
have shown that B16F10 cells, through the RhoA/ROCK pathway, promote in vitro apoptosis
of Fas-sensitive A20 lymphoma cells.
All together, these data indicate that protein geranylgeranylation as well as Rho protein are
critical for regulating on melanomas the expresion of molecules involved in anti-melanoma
immune response. These results, indicate that treatment of melanoma cell lines with
pharmacological molecules targeting Rho proteins, be a novel approach to produce tumor
cells suitable for vaccination and for stimulation of anti-melanoma effector cells.