Synthèse table-ronde Ethique Marketing 10 mars 2011 ESDES

!
"!
!
Journée!de!réflexion!et!d’échanges!!
Le!futur!de!la!recherche!en!éthique!marketing!
!
Organisée!et!animée!par!!!
Animée!par!Marie=France!Vernier,!Enseignant=chercheur,!ESDES!UCLy,!!
et!Jean=Paul!Flipo,!professeur!E.M.!LYON!Business!School!
!
Jeudi!10!mars!2011!
#$%#$!&'()*+,(-.!/*!012'!
!
!
Présentation!générale!:!
0*,!34*,-(2',!.-5(34*,!*'!67+8*-('9!7::7+7(,,*'-!7)*;!4'*!9+7'/*!+.;4++*';*!/7',!<=7;-47<(-.>!*-!/*!67'(?+*!:<4-@-!!
;+2(,,7'-*A! %7',! <*! /267('*! 7;7/.6(34*>! 2'! 7,,(,-*! ! B! 4'*! ,-7C(<(,7-(2'>! '2+67<(,7-(2'>! (',-(-4-(2''7<(,7-(2'! /4!
;576:! /*! <=.-5(34*>! *-! :<4,! :7+-(;4<(?+*6*'-! ;*<4(! /4! 67+8*-('9A! D=*,-E(<! :7,! ! -*6:,! 74F24+/=54(! /*! +.G<.;5(+! ,4+!
<=(6:7;-!+.*<!/*!<7!+*;5*+;5*!,4+!<*,!:+7-(34*,>!*-!/2';!,4+!<7!)2<2'-.!/*,!;5*+;5*4+,!/=79(+!:<4,!G2+-*6*'-!*'!G7)*4+!!
/*!;57'9*6*'-,!<7+9*6*'-!,2457(-.,!H!
Intervenants,!dans!l'ordre!des!prises!de!parole!:!
!
Corinne!Berneman,!Enseignant=chercheur,!ESC!Saint!!Etienne!!
0=.-5(34*!/7',!<7!<(--.+7-4+*!67+8*-('9!
!
Gaël!Guilloux,!Responsable!Ecodesign!&!Eco=conception,!Groupe!Ligeron®!
%*,(9'!*-!*')(+2''*6*'-!
!
Isabelle!Robert!et!Anne=Sophie!Binninger,!Enseignants=chercheurs>!Reims!Management!School!:!
0*,!,(9'*,!.-5(34*,!I.-(34*--*,!;7+C2'*,>!.-(34*--*,!*')(+2''*6*'-7<*,AAAJ!
!
Samuel!Mayer,!directeur!du!Pôle!Eco=Conception,!Saint=Etienne!:!
#;2E;2';*:-(2'!/=4'!,*+)(;*!
!
Laure!Lavorata!:!Maître!de!Conférences!HDR,!Chef!du!département!Techniques!de!Commercialisation!IUT!CRETEIL=
VITRY!:!
#-5(34*!*-!)*'-*!!
!
JF!Trinquecoste,!Professeur,!Université!Bordeaux!IV!!
K+(2+(-.!/L7M*,!/*!+*;5*+;5*!24!;24)*+-4+*!67M(646!/4!;576:!H!
!
Fred!Seidel,!Professeur,!EM!Lyon!Business!School!
N4*!G74-E(<!:24+!34*!<*,!6*,,79*,!/*,!*',*(9'7'-,E;5*+;5*4+,!,2(*'-!:<4,!74/(C<*,!:7+!<*,!*'-+*:+(,*,!H!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
O!
Synthèse!des!échanges!
0*!C4-!:+(';(:7<!/*!<7!F24+'.*>!;266*!('/(34.!/7',!<7!:+.,*'-7-(2'!9.'.+7<*>!;2',(,-7(-!B!.;<7(+*+!;*+-7('*,!+.7<(-.,!
/4!-5?6*!/*!<L!!P!.-5(34*!67+8*-('9!Q!I(A*A!R!<*,!+.G<*M(2',!*-!:+7-(34*,!34(!+*<?)*'-!/L4'!,24;(!.-5(34*!*'!67+8*-('9J>!
-*<!34L(<!*,-!:*+S4!:7+!/*,!;5*+;5*4+,!4'()*+,(-7(+*,!*-!/*,!:+7-(;(*',>!;*,!/*+'(*+,!.-7'-!/*,!;2',4<-7'-,!74!;2'-7;-!
/*! ;5*G,! /L*'-+*:+(,*! *-! /*! ;2',2667-*4+,A! 07! ,1'-5?,*! ;2',(,-*+7! /2';! B! +*:+*'/+*! <L*,,*'-(*<! /*,! 7::2+-,! /*,!
/(GG.+*'-,! ('-*+)*'7'-,>! /7',! <L2+/+*! 2T! (<,! 2'-! G7(-! <*4+! :+.,*'-7-(2'>! :24+! 7C24-(+! *',4(-*! B! 4'*! ;2';<4,(2'! 34(!
:+.,*'-*+7! <*,! :+(';(:7<*,! 7)7';.*,! 34*! '24,! *,-(62',! 34*! ;*--*! -7C<*E+2'/*! 7! :*+6(,! /L7;;26:<(+A! D2-2',! 34*!
;*<<*E;(! *,-! 4'*! :+*6(?+*>! *-! ,*+7! ,4()(*! /L74-+*,>! 7! :+(2+(! 7''4*<<*,>! 34(! :*+6*--+2'-! /*! ;2',-(-4*+! 4'*! ,2+-*!
/L2C,*+)7-2(+*!/*!<L.)2<4-(2'!/*,!:+7-(34*,!*-!/*,!;2';*:-,!/7',!;*!/267('*A!0*!:2('-!/*!/.:7+-!/*,!.;57'9*,!*,-!<*!
;2',-7-!/L4'!/.;7<79*!*'-+*!4'*!+*;5*+;5*!*'!.-5(34*!67+8*-('9!+*<7-()*6*'-!G<2+(,,7'-*!*'!-*+6*,!/*!:4C<(;7-(2',!
I;GA!<L7+-(;<*!/*!U<(:2!*-!$*(/*<>!34(!7'7<1,*!;*--*!;+2(,,7';*!,4+!OV!7',J>!*-!<L.)2<4-(2'!/*,!:+7-(34*,!/*,!2+97'(,7-(2',>!
34(! '*! ,*6C<*! :7,! 7<<*+! /7',! <*! ,*',! /L4'*! :+(,*! *'! ;26:-*! :<4,! ,.+(*4,*! /*,! *'F*4M! .-5(34*,>! ,(! <L2'! *'! ;+2(-!
<L7;-47<(-.! 6./(7-(34*! 34(!,2+-!P!7GG7(+*!Q!,4+!P!7GG7(+*!QA!0*! P!:+29+?,!Q!/*,!*'-+*:+(,*,!,*6C<*!:<4-@-!7<<*+!/7',! <*!
,*',! /L4'! 6*(<<*4+! 6734(<<79*! /*! <*4+,! :+7-(34*,! ;+(-(347C<*,! ,4+! <*! :<7'! .-5(34*! :24+! .)(-*+! F4,-*6*'-! 34*! '*!
,2+-*'-!/*,!P!7GG7(+*,!Q>!,7',!:7+<*+!/*,!67'34*6*'-,!B!<7!<2(>!*';2+*!:<4,!9+7)*,A!#6*--+*!/*,!51:2-5?,*,!,4+!<*,!
+7(,2',!/*!;*--*!-+24C<7'-*!.)2<4-(2'!7::7+*66*'-!(')*+,*!*'-+*!+*;5*+;5*!*-!:+7-(34*!*,-!4'*!2C<(97-(2'!:24+!/*,!
;5*+;5*4+,!24!;2',4<-7'-,!34(!,2457(-*'-!7)2(+!4'!,*'-(6*'-!/L4-(<(-.!/7',!<*4+!-+7)7(<>!/L74-7'-!:<4,!34*!;*--*!4-(<(-.!
*,-! P!;(-21*''*!Q>! *-! '2'! :7,! ,(6:<*6*'-! -*;5'(34*A! W*,! .;57'9*,! I*M:2,.,! *-! 34*,-(2',X! +.:2',*,J! 74+2'-! /2';!
:*+6(,!/L*GG*;-4*+!4'!:+*6(*+!C7<7179*!/*!;*--*!:+2C<.67-(34*>!*-!/*!:+.:7+*+!4'*!,4(-*A!
!
!
!
!
W2+(''*!Y*+'*67'A!
0L5(,-2(+*!/*!<7!34*,-(2'!.-5(34*!*'!67+8*-('9!*,-!/.FB!7,,*Z!7';(*''*>!*<<*!*,-!<(.*!B!;*<<*,!34(!2'-!/*!-24-!-*6:,!
;2';*+'.! <L.;2'26(*! /7',! ,2'! *',*6C<*>! *-! '2-766*'-! ;*<<*! /*! <7! <.9(-(6(-.! /*,! :+2/4(-,! *-! ,*+)(;*,! )*'/4,>!
+.,4<-7'-!/*!<7!;26C('7(,2'!/*!<*4+,!7::2+-,!:2,(-(G,!*-!'.97-(G,!74!;2',2667-*4+!*-!B!<7!,2;(.-.A!%7',!<L*4:52+(*!/*!
<7!,2;(.-.!/*! ;2',2667-(2'>!<*,!7,:*;-,! '.97-(G,!'L2'-!:7,!-24F24+,!.-.!;2''4,>!*-!/2';!:+(,!*'!;26:-*>!B!:+*4)*!
;*--*!:4C<(;(-.!:+2F*-.*!-+?,!.-2''7'-*>!/7-7'-!/*,!7''.*,!347+7'-*>!34(!:+.,*'-*!/*,!6./*;(',!+*;2667'/7'-!74!
9+7'/! :4C<(;! /*! G46*+! I-*<<*! 67+34*JA! 0L7<;22<! .-7(-! 7<2+,! +*;2667'/.! .97<*6*'-! :24+! /*,! +7(,2',! /*! ,7'-.A! 0*,!
:+29+?,!*'!67-(?+*!/L.-5(34*!67+8*-('9!,2'-!/2';!)*'4,!/*!-+?,!'26C+*4M!-+7)74M!,;(*'-(G(34*,!34(!2'-!62'-+.!<*,!
*GG*-,!/7'9*+*4M!/*!:+2/4(-,>!-7'-!74!'()*74! ('/()(/4*<!34*!;2<<*;-(GA![*67+34*!/*!\AEKA!U<(:2!R!];*--*!34*,-(2'!*,-!
*';2+*!/L7;-47<(-.>!-7'-!<*,!(''2)7-(2',!62/*+'*,!,2'-!<7';.*,!,7',!9+7'/*,!:+.;74-(2',^A!!
_'!:*4-!/2';!/(+*!34*!<7!,;(*';*!G7(-!7)7';*+!<7!;74,*!/*!<L.-5(34*>!67(,!(<!G74-!2C,*+)*+!74,,(!34L*<<*!1!G7(-!2C,-7;<*!
347'/!*,-!67'(:4<.*!/7',!<L('-.+`-!/*,!:+2/4;-*4+,A!
%4!;@-.!/*,!;5*+;5*4+,>!<*!;576:!/*!<L.-5(34*!'L*,-!:7,!-+?,!:2+-*4+!;7+!;*!,4F*-!*,-!+*,-.!-+?,!<2'9-*6:,!-7C24!/7',!
<*,!+*)4*,>!'2-766*'-!G+7'S7(,*,A!_+>!4'!;5*+;5*4+!/2(-!:4C<(*+!,L(<!)*4-!*M(,-*+>!!/2';!<*,!-5?6*,!-*;5'(34*,!,2'-!
C(*'!:<4,!P!+*'-7C<*,!Q!:24+!<4(!*'!-*+6*,!/L7)7';*6*'-!/*!;7++(?+*A!
07!,7<<*!,L*,-!('-*++29.*A!07!+.:2',*!,-7'/7+/!/*,!:+7-(;(*',!B!34(!<L2'!G7(-!/*,!+*:+2;5*,!,4+!<*!:<7'!.-5(34*!*,-!;*<<*!
/*!<7!<(C*+-.!/4! ;2',2667-*4+!R! P!;L*,-! <4(! 34(! /.;(/*>! *'! -24-*! ,24)*+7('*-.!QA! _'!:*4-! 2C,*+)*+!;*:*'/7'-!34*!
;*--*!<(C*+-.!*,-!7,,*+)(*>!/L7C2+/!:7+!<7!:+*,,(2'!:4C<(;(-7(+*!*-!:+262-(2''*<<*>!*-!74,,(!:7+!4'!67'34*!/*!;4<-4+*!
!
a!
;2';*+'7'-! <7! ;2',2667-(2'>! B! ,7)2(+! <L(9'2+7';*! 347,(E9.'.+7<*! B! <7! G2(,! /*! :2,,(C<*,! *GG*-,! :*+)*+,! /*! ;*--*!
;2',2667-(2'! I/*! -*<! 24! -*<! :+2/4(-J! *-! /*,! 34*,-(2',! .-5(34*,! <(.*,A! W*;(! *,-! ;26:*',.! :7+! <L.6*+9*';*! /4!
;2',2667-*4+!;(-21*'>!/2'-!2'!:7+<*!C*74;24:>!67(,!/*:4(,!:*4>!/2'-!<L*M(9*';*!'*!,L7++`-*!:7,!B!4'*!,7-(,G7;-(2'!
(66./(7-*>!67(,!;2';*+'*!74,,(!/*!:2,,(C<*,!*GG*-,!:*+)*+,!B!<2'9!-*+6*!,4+!<4(E6`6*!24!<7!,2;(.-.A!
b7c<!b4(<<24M!
0*! -.62(9'79*! /*! ;*! ;2',4<-7'-! :*+6*-! F4,-*6*'-! /*! ;+*4,*+! ;*--*! 34*,-(2'! /*! <7! <(C*+-.! *-! /*! <7! )2<2'-.! /4!
;2',2667-*4+A!d<!'*!,L79(-!:7,!;*--*!G2(,!:24+!<4(!/L7::+*'/+*!B!,*!6.G(*+!/*!:+2/4(-,!.)*'-4*<<*6*'-!'2;(G,>!67(,!74!
;2'-+7(+*! /*! /.)*<2::*+! ,7! ,*',(C(<(-.! 74M! ('(-(7-()*,! /*,! :+2/4;-*4+,! /7',! <7! :+(,*! *'! ;26:-*! /4! /.)*<2::*6*'-!
/4+7C<*>!;2';*:-!-+?,!:+.,*'-!/7',!<*,!:+.2;;4:7-(2',!.-5(34*,!/*! <L.;2'26(*!7;-4*<<*A!0*,!6*,,79*,!.;2<29(34*,!
,2'-!-+?,!:+.9'7'-,!/7',!<*,!6./(7,>!'2-766*'-!;*4M!<(.,!B!<7!;2',2667-(2'A!0L*M*6:<*!/*,!:*-(-,!:2-,!/*!;26:2-*!
/*!:266*,!P!#;2E:2-*,!Q!*,-!:+.,*'-.!:7+!<L('-*+)*'7'->!34(>!*'!-7'-!34*!/*,(9'*+>!-*'-*!/*!:+*'/+*!*'!;26:-*!<*,!
/*,(/*+7-7! ,4::2,.,! /*,! ;2',2667-*4+,>! ).5(;4<.,! :7+! <*,! 6./(7,! 24! /*,! *'34`-*,A! d<! ,L79(-! *'! <L2;;4++*';*! /L4'!
7::+2)(,(2''*6*'-!<2;7<!*'!:266*,>!/*!<7!,4::+*,,(2'!/*,!7//(-(G,!;5(6(34*,!74!:+2/4(->!*-!/*!<7!,(6:<(G(;7-(2'!/*!
<L*6C7<<79*>! <*! -24-! 67+8*-.! ,24,! ;*! '26! 7G('! /*! ,24<(9'*+! ;*,! *GG2+-,! /4! :+2/4;-*4+A! 0L*M:.+(*';*! :*+6*-! /*!
-24;5*+! /4! /2(9-!4'*!/*,! /(GG(;4<-.,!/L7::<(;7-(2'! /*! ;2',(9'*,! .-5(34*,>! B! ,7)2(+! <7! +.-(;*';*! /*! ;2',2667-*4+,>!
9.'.+7<*6*'-!-+?,!;2',*+)7-*4+,!/7',!<*4+!;26:2+-*6*'->!B!,L('-.+*,,*+!B!/*,!('(-(7-()*,!(''2)7'-*,!7<<7'-!:24+-7'-!
/7',!4'!,*',!.-5(34*>!/2';!/7',!<*4+!('-.+`-!:+2:+*A!
e4-+*! ,499*,-(2'! /*! <L('-*+)*'7'->! ;*--*! G2(,! /7',! <*! ,*',! /L4'*! 62/.+7-(2'! /*! <7! ;2',2667-(2'! R! 7<2+,! 34*! <*,!
:+2/4(-,!'24)*74M>!24!'*4G,>!2'-!-24F24+,!*4!4'!9+7'/!:24)2(+!/L7--+7;-(2'!:24+!<*!;2',2667-*4+>!'*!:24++7(-E2'!
<4(!(';4<34*+!<7!62/*!/*,!:+2/4(-,!7::7+*66*'-!4,.,>!;266*!;*<7!67+;5*!,(!C(*'!:24+!<*,!F*7',!*-!<*,!C7,8*-,>!*-!;*!
:24+! /L74-+*,! G76(<<*,! /*! :+2/4(-,! H! W*<7! :*+6*--+7(-! .)(/*66*'-! /*! :+2<2'9*+! <*4+! /4+.*! /*! )(*! I;*<7! ;2';*+'*!
/L7(<<*4+,! ;*! 34L2'! 7::*<<*! ! <*,! P!C(*',! /4+7C<*,!Q>! :24+! <7! :*+,2''*>! <7!67(,2'>!<7!)(*!;24+7'-*AAAJ>!,7',!34*!<*!
;2',2667-*4+!'*!,L*'!,*'-*!;24:7C<*!24!52'-*4MA!
!
d,7C*<<*![2C*+-!*-!e''*E$2:5(*!Y(''('9*+A!
07!;2'-+(C4-(2'! /*!;*,! 4'()*+,(-7(+*,!+*<?)*!B!<7! G2(,!/*! <7!+*;5*+;5*!I<*4+! 6.-(*+J!*-! /*! <7!:+7-(34*! I;*!,4+! 342(!7!
:2+-.!<*4+!+*;5*+;5*JA!#<<*!G7(-!4'!.;52!:<4,!9.'.+7<!B!<7!34*,-(2'!6(,*!B!F24+!:7+!<*!:+.;./*'-!('-*+)*'7'->!B!,7)2(+!<*!
/*9+.!/*!;4<-4+*!*-!/*!;2''7(,,7';*!/*,!:+2C<.67-(34*,!<(.*,!74M!34*,-(2',!.-5(34*,!/7',!<7!;2',2667-(2'A!0*4+!
*'34`-*!'L*'-+7f'*!:7,!4'!/(79'2,-(;!-+2:!:*,,(6(,-*>!(<!1!7!C(*'!/*,!:+29+?,>!'2-766*'-!/7',!<7!;26:+.5*',(2'!/*,!
,(9'(G(.,! :2+-.,! :7+! <*,! .-(34*--*,! *-! <7C*<,! ,:.;(7<(,.,! /*! -1:*! eY>! :+2/4(-! )*+->! *6C7<<79*! +*;1;<7C<*>! *-;A>! 34(!
*GG*;-()*6*'-! +*574,,*'-! <7! 347<(-.! :*+S4*! /*! ;*,! :+2/4(-,A! g7(,! /?,! 34L2'! ;+*4,*! 4'! :*4! <*,! 34*,-(2',! /*!
/.)*<2::*6*'-!/4+7C<*>!;*!34(!F4,-(G(*!*'!G7(-!<7!'.;*,,(-.!/*!;*,!97+7'-(*,!<7C*<<(,.*,>!(<!1!7!,2(-!/*!<L(9'2+7';*>!,2(-!
4'*! 9+7'/*! ;2'G4,(2'A! 0*! 67'34*! /*! ;4<-4+*! *-! /*! ;4+(2,(-.! :24+! ;*,! 34*,-(2',! *,-! G<79+7'->! /7',! <7! 6*,4+*! 2T!
<L*M:2,(-(2'!74M!6./(7,!34(!*'!:7+<*'-!'L7,,4+*'-!74M!;2',2667-*4+,!34*!/*,!;2''7(,,7';*,!,4:*+G(;(*<<*,>!)2(+*!<*,!
*'-+7f'*'-! /7',! /*,! *GG*-,! /*! 62/*A! K7+! *M*6:<*>! ,L(<,! ,2'-! ;2')7(';4,! 67('-*'7'-! 34L(<! G74-! <4--*+! :24+! 4'*!
+./4;-(2'! /*,! .6(,,(2',! /*! W_O>! (<,! ,2'-! :*4! '26C+*4M! B! )2(+! <*! <(*'! /(+*;-! 34(! *M(,-*! *'-+*! ;*! G7(-! *-! <*!
+.;574GG*6*'-! ;<(67-(34*A! d<! *,-! )+7(! 34*! <7! -h;5*! '*! <*4+! *,-! :7,! G2+;.6*'-! G7;(<(-.*! :7+! <*,! 67+8*-*4+,! 34(>! *'!
4-(<(,7'-!67,,()*6*'-!<*!P!9+**'i7,5('9!Q!I24!.;2C<7';5(6*'-J>!C+24(<<*'-!<*,!:(,-*,!*-!+*-7+/*'-!7(',(!<*,!:+29+?,A!
0*,!('-*+)*'7'-*,!,(9'7<*'-!34L(<!*M(,-*!74F24+/L54(!4'!P!:+(M!/4!9+**'i7,5('9!Q!:24+!<*,!67+34*,!<*,!:<4,!;1'(34*,!
*'!<7!67-(?+*>!34(!,L7::*<<*!R!P!<*,!:('2;;5(2,!/4!/.)*<2::*6*'-!/4+7C<*!QA!!
!
j!
$764*<!g71*+A!
0L.;2E;2';*:-(2'!*,-!4'!-*+6*!B!:*4!:+?,!;2''4>!67('-*'7'->!I9+h;*!'2-766*'-!B!<L24)+79*!;22+/2''.!:7+!074+*!
07)2+7-7>!7434*<!2'-!;2<<7C2+.!;*+-7(',!/*,!('-*+)*'7'-,!/*!;*--*!-7C<*E+2'/*JA!d<!/.,(9'*!<7!)2<2'-.!/*!;2';*:-*4+,!
/*! :+2/4(-,! 24! /*! ,*+)(;*,! /L(',-(<<*+! /7',! 4'*! (''2)7-(2'! <*! :<4,! /*! ;2',(/.+7-(2',! .-5(34*,! *-! *'! :7+-(;4<(*+!
.;2<29(34*,!:2,,(C<*A!&'*!/*!<*4+,!:+(2+(-.,!;2',(,-*!.)(/*66*'-!B!6('(6(,*+!<*,!/.;5*-,!*-!<*,!*GG<4*'-,!'2;(G,!:24+!
<L7-62,:5?+*>!/7',!<*!;1;<*!;26:<*-!/L7::+2)(,(2''*6*'->!/*!:+2/4;-(2'>!/*!;266*+;(7<(,7-(2'>!/*!;2',2667-(2'>!
*-!/*!G('!/*!)(*!/4!:+2/4(-A!0L*M*6:<*!:+.,*'-.!B!.-.!('-(-4<.!_6*-*+>!(<!,L79(-!/L4'!:+2F*-!/*!;57f'*!/*!C24-(34*,!/*!
:+2/4(-,!C(2!7<(6*'-7(+*,A!0*!67+;5.!/*!;*,!:+2/4(-,!;2''7f-!7;-4*<<*6*'-!4'*!G2+-*!;+2(,,7';*>!*-!*,-!/*)*'4!-+?,!
;2';4++*'-(*<A! eG('! /*! ,*! /.67+34*+! /*! 67'(?+*! ,*',.*! /7',! <7! :*+,:*;-()*! /4! /.)*<2::*6*'-! /4+7C<*>! _6*-*+!
,2457(-7(-!('-.9+*+!<*!:<4,!<2('!:2,,(C<*!<*!,24;(!.;2<29(34*!/7',!<*!,*',!+7::*<.!;(E/*,,4,>!74!<(*4!/*!,*!;2'-*'-*+!/*!
)*'/+*!/*,!:+2/4(-,!C(2!;266*!'L(6:2+-*!34*<!;266*+;*!<*!G7(-!74F24+/L54(A!0*!C4-!.-7(-!/2';!/*!;2',(/.+*+!<*!;1;<*!
;26:<*->! 34(! :7+-! /*! <L79+(;4<-*4+E:+2/4;-*4+! <2;7<! F4,34L74! +*-24+>! ;5*Z! <*! 6`6*>! /*,! ;26:2,-,! /*! /.;5*-,!
).9.-74M>!*'!:7,,7'-!:7+!4'*!'24)*<<*!2+97'(,7-(2'!/4!6797,('!G7)2+(,7'-!<7!)*'-*!*'!)+7;>!<L4,79*!/4!).<2!:24+!<7!
<()+7(,2'!B!/26(;(<*>!<*,!;2',*(<,!74M!;2',2667-*4+,!:24+!<L2+97'(,7-(2'!/*!<*4+,!;4(,('*,>!*-;A!WL*,-!C(*'!<*!;7+7;-?+*!
('-.9+7<!/*!<7!/.67+;5*!34(!*'!.-7(-!<L2+(9('7<(-.>!;*;(!62'-+7'-!34*!<*,!:+29+?,!B!7;;26:<(+!:24+!:+*'/+*!74!,.+(*4M!
<*!,24;(!*')(+2''*6*'-7<!,2'-!*';2+*!;2',(/.+7C<*,A!
074+*!07)2+7-7!
0*,!)*'/*4+,!2'-!/*!-24-!-*6:,!*4!4'*!(679*!'.97-()*>!67(,!(<!,*6C<*!34*!<7!,(-47-(2'!,L76.<(2+*A!W*<7!:+2)(*'/+7(-E
(<!/L4'!;26:2+-*6*'-!:<4,!.-5(34*!H!d<!'L1!7!.)(/*66*'-!:7,!/*!:+*4)*!B!;*<7>!/L74-7'-!62(',!34*!074+*!G7(-!.;52!B!
<L2:('(2'! ,4()7'-! <734*<<*! :<4,! (<! 1! 7! /*! +*;5*+;5*! 7;7/.6(34*! ,4+! <L.-5(34*>! 62(',! ;*<<*E;(! *,-! :+7-(34.*! *'!
*'-+*:+(,*A!
N4*<,!,2'-!'.7'62(',!<*,!'24)*74M!;2'-*M-*,!G7)2+7C<*,!B!<L.-5(34*!/*,!)*'/*4+,!H!d<!1!7!:<4,(*4+,!;26:2,7'-*,!R!
<*!/.)*<2::*6*'-!/*!<7!)*'-*!+*<7-(2''*<<*>!*'-+7f'7'-!4'*!6*(<<*4+*!;26:+.5*',(2'!/*,!C*,2(',!/*,!;<(*'-,!
*-!/*!<7!67'(?+*!/*!<*,!,7-(,G7(+*>!
<*,!)7+(7C<*,!/L2+/+*!('/()(/4*<!R!,*',(C(<(-.!:*+,2''*<<*!74M!)7<*4+,!.-5(34*,>!
<*,!)7+(7C<*,!/L2+/+*!;2<<*;-(G!R!;2/*,!/*!/.2'-2<29(*>!G2+67<(,.,!24!'2'>!
*'G('!<*!;<(67-!.-5(34*!.-7C<(!:7+!<*,!67'79*+,!I*M*6:<7+(-.!/4!;5*G!/*,!)*'-*,!:A*MAJ!
Y(*'! ,k+>! -24-! '*! :*4-! `-+*! ;2/.>! (<! 1! 7! ,24)*'-! /*,! /(<*66*,! .-5(34*,! B! +.,24/+*! :7+! <*,! )*'/*4+,! G7;*! 74M!
7;5*-*4+,>! :7+! *M*6:<*! R! 6*'-(+! :7+! 26(,,(2'>! *,-E;*! 7;;*:-7C<*! ,4+! <*! :<7'! .-5(34*! H! e4-+*! ;7,! -+?,! G+.34*'-! R!
,7-(,G7(+*! <*! ;<(*'-! ,4+! <*! ;24+-! -*+6*! :24+! *6:2+-*+! <7! )*'-*>! 'L*,-E;*! :7,! 34*<34*G2(,! 7<<*+! B! <L*';2'-+*! /*,!
).+(-7C<*,!('-.+`-,!/*!;*<4(E;(!H!
W*--*! +*67+34*! /.;57f'*! <*,! 34*,-(2',A! $(<)?+*! K(34*->! l494*,! K4*<>! \*7'EU+7'S2(,! m+('34*;2,-*! R! *GG*;-()*6*'->!
)(,*+!<7!,7-(,G7;-(2'!(66./(7-*!:24+!*6:2+-*+!<7!/.;(,(2'!/4!;<(*'->!;*!'L*,-!:7,!G2+;.6*'-!.-5(34*>!;*!:*4-!`-+*!4'*!
)*'-*!G2+;.*!34(!'*!/(-!:7,!,2'!'26>!*-!;*!/L74-7'-!:<4,!,(!]<L4-(<(-.!/(GG.+.*^!*,-!,7;+(G(.*!74!C.'.G(;*!/4!:<7(,(+!24!/*!
<7! ,7-(,G7;-(2'! (',-7'-7'.*A! 0*,! *M*6:<*,E-1:*! ,2'-! .)(/*66*'->! /7',! <7! 9+7'/*! ;2',2667-(2'>! <*,! 7<(6*'-,! -+?,!
,4;+.,>! <*,! ;(97+*--*,>! <L7<;22<>AAA! 67(,! ;*! +7(,2''*6*'-! :*4-! ,L.-*'/+*! B! C*74;24:! /*! :+2/4(-,! 24! ,*+)(;*,! 62(',!
-1:(34*,A!
\*7'EW<74/*!U+.Z7<!R!/7',!<7!)*'-*!*'!Y!-2!Y>!(<!1!7!<7!'2-(2'!/*!+*<7-(2'!,4+!<*!<2'9!-*+6*>!34(!<(6(-*!<*,!+(,34*,!/*!
;*--*!/(;52-26(*!/*!<7!,7-(,G7;-(2'>!;7+!<*,!;<(*'-,!,2'-!;26:.-*'-,!:24+!*'!F49*+>!*-!+*,-*'-!*'!;2'-7;-!/4+7C<*!7)*;!
<*,!)*'/*4+,A!0*!:+(';(:7<!:+2C<?6*!*,-!/L2+/+*!(/.2<29(34*!R!<*!)*'/*4+!*,-!;*<4(!34(!/2(-!7::2+-*+!7)7'-!-24-!/*!<7!
+*'-7C(<(-.! 67M(67<*>! ;*;(! <(6(-7'-! ,*,! ;57';*,! /*! ,7-(,G7(+*! <*! ;<(*'-! /7',! -24-*,! <*,! /(6*',(2',! I]*M*6:<*! /*! <7!
C7'34*!R!;L*,-!/.<(+7'-!n^J!d<!G74/+7(-!4'*!<(--.+7-4+*!,4+!<*,!]8*1!G7(<4+*!G7;-2+,^>!/2'-!2'!'*!:7+<*!F767(,>!;*,!G7;-*4+,!
34(!;2'/4(,*'-!<*!;<(*'-!B!<L(',7-(,G7;-(2'A!
!
o!
\*7'EU+7'S2(,!m+('34*;2,-*A!
0*!67+8*-('9!2:.+7-(2''*<!;L*,-!4'!24-(<>!4'*!,2+-*!/*!;2'-*'7'-!B!G2+6*!)7+(7C<*!34(!/2(-!+.94<*+!4'!]<(34(/*^R!<*,!
+*<7-(2',! /*! 67+;5.A! K7+! *M*6:<*>! (<! '*! :*4-! `-+*! <*! 6`6*! <2+,34L(<! ,L7/+*,,*! B! /*,! ,*96*'-,! /*! ;2',2667-*4+,!
+(;5*,!I;*!34(!*,-!<*!:<4,!,24)*'-!<*!;7,J!24!B!/*,!;2',2667-*4+,!:74)+*,!I;5@6*4+,>!*M;<4,>!*-;AJA!d<!G74/+7(-!+.94<*+!
B!<7! G2(,!<L.-5(34*!]/4^!67+8*-('9!I<.9(-(6(-.!/*,!-*;5'(34*,! *-!24-(<,J!*-!<L.-5(34*!]/7',^!<*!67+8*-('9>!B! ,7)2(+!<*!
;26:2+-*6*'-!/*,!67+8*-*4+,A!d<!,*6C<*!34*!;*!,2(-!/7',!;*--*!/24C<*!:*+,:*;-()*!34L2'!:*4-!*'-+*)2(+!4'!G4-4+!
;+.7-(G! :24+! <7! G2';-(2'A! 0*! -*+6*! P!+.94<*+!Q! ,L2::2,*! 74! <7(,,*+EG7(+*! 34(! :24,,*! '7-4+*<<*6*'-! <*,! 67+8*-*4+,! B!
:+()(<.9(*+! <L('-.+`-! (66./(7-! /*! <L*'-+*:+(,*>! ;*! 34(! 6?'*! 74M! /.+()*,! /*! <L.-5(34*>! :4(,34*! ;*<<*E;(! +*')2(*! :7+!
'7-4+*!74!+7::2+-!B!74-+4(>!B!<L7(<<*4+,>!*-!74!]:<4,!-7+/^!I;GA!;(E/*,,4,!<L]4-(<(-.!/(GG.+.*^JA!
K24+!+.:2'/+*! B!<7! 34*,-(2'!:2,.*!*'!-(-+*!/*!<L('-*+)*'-(2'!R^G74-E(<! /(,-('94*+! /*,! ,24,E;576:,!/*!+*;5*+;5*!*'!
.-5(34*!67+8*-('9!H^>!(<!G74-!;2',(/.+*+!34L(<!1!7!/*,!5(.+7+;5(*,>!,*<2'!/*4M!;+(-?+*,!:+(';(:74M!R!<L('-.+`-!:*+,2''*<!
/4!;5*+;5*4+>!C(*'! ,k+>!67(,!74,,(! <L('-.+`-!:24+!]<7!;(-.^>!74! ,*',! /*!<L*'979*6*'-!/4!;5*+;5*4+! 74!,*+)(;*! /*!<7!
;2<<*;-()(-.!I/*,!67+8*-*4+,>!*'!<L2;;4++*';*>!67(,!:<4,!*';2+*!/*,!;2',2667-*4+,JA!K24+!<L.-5(34*>!<*!,*;2'/!;+(-?+*!
*,-! /2';! :+(62+/(7<! ,(! 2'! )*4-! 7)2(+! 4'*! ('G<4*';*! ,4+! <*,! :+7-(34*,! p! :7+! 7(<<*4+,>! 4'! ;52(M! :4+*6*'-! .92;*'-+.!
I]:24+!G7(+*!;7++(?+*^J!*,-!7C,4+/*>!;2'-+7/(;-2(+*!/7',!;*!/267('*A!WL*,-!:<4-@-!<7!,*',(C(<(-.!.-5(34*!:*+,2''*<<*!34(!
;2++*,:2'/!/2';!74!:+*6(*+!;+(-?+*>!;266*!<L7)7'S7(-!<7!:+.;./*'-*!('-*+)*'7'-*A!0*!G7(-!/*!,*!,(-4*+!,4+!4'!;576:!
67+9('7<>! 24! 6`6*! 6(<(-7'->! 'L*,-! :7,! 4'! (';2').'(*'->! :24+)4! 34*! <7! +(94*4+! *-! <L52''`-*-.! ,;(*'-(G(34*,! ,2(*'-!
*6:<21.*,!I:7+!*M*6:<*!4-(<(,*+!/*,!6.-52/*,!7;;*:-.*,!/7',!<*,!+*;5*+;5*,!P!67(',-+*76!QJA!
0*!;.<?C+*!62/?<*!/*,;+(:-(G!/*!l4'-!*-!q(-*<<!*,-!4'!*M*6:<*!/L51:*+E+7-(2'7<(,7-(2'!/*!<7!:+(,*!/*!/.;(,(2'!.-5(34*A!
#'! 2::2,(-(2'! 7)*;! ;*,! )(,(2',! 7::7+*66*'-! 2CF*;-()*,! *-! ,7',! ,7)*4+>! F*! ,4(,! :<4-@-! :24+! <*! /.)*<2::*6*'-! /*!
+*;5*+;5*,!B!;7+7;-?+*!'2+67-(GA!
&'*!34*,-(2'!:<4,!9.'.+7<*!;2';*+'*!<*!:24+342(!/L4'!-*<!*')75(,,*6*'-!/*!'2,!,2;(.-.,!:7+!<7!,:5?+*!67+;57'/*!H!
N4L*,-E;*!34*!S7!<(C?+*!;266*!G2+;*,!*-!G7(C<*,,*,!,2;(7<*,!H!
N4*,-(2'!/*!\AEKA!U<(:2!R!<*!67+8*-('9!,*+7(-E(<!4'*!]67;5('*!('G*+'7<*^!H![.:2',*!/*!\AEUA!m+('34*;2,-*!R!(<!:*4-!<L`-+*>!
F4,-*6*'->!,(!2'!,*!+.G?+*!B!<7!/(,;4,,(2'!:+.;./*'-*!,4+!<7!:+..6('*';*!/4!:<7(,(+!B!;24+-!-*+6*!),!<L('-.+`-!B!<2'9!
-*+6*! /*,! ;<(*'-,>! *-! 74,,(! ,4+! ;*! 34(! 7! .-.! /(-! B! :+2:2,! /4! '2'! +*,:*;-! /*! :+(';(:*,! 87'-(*',! ;2';*+'7'-! <*! G7(-!
34L74;4'!`-+*!5467('!'*!/2()*!`-+*!(',-+46*'-7<(,.!74!,*+)(;*!/L4'*!G('!.92r,-*A!d<!,L79(-E<B!/4!)+7(!:.;5.!2+(9('*<!/4!
67+8*-('9>!/L74-7'-!:<4,!34*!:24+!:7+)*'(+!B!,*,!G(',!G7;*!B!/*,!;2',2667-*4+,!:<4-@-!./434.,>!<*!67+8*-*4+!*,-!
-*'-.! /L4,*+! *-! /L7C4,*+! /*! 6.-52/*,! 67'(:4<7-2(+*,>! ;266*! <*! +*'7+/! /*! <7! G7C<*! G7;*! 74! ;2+C*74>! <*! ,*',!
,16C2<(34*!/4!P!G+2679*!Q!.-7'-!*'!<L2;;4++*';*!C(*'!7/7:-.A!
U+*/!$*(/*<A!
\*! '*! ,4(,! :7,! 4'! ,:.;(7<(,-*! /4! 67+8*-('9>! 67(,! F*! ,4(,! )*'4! (;(! *'! -7'-! 34*! :+.,(/*'-! /*! <7! ,*;-(2'! G+7';2:52'*!
/L4'*!9+7'/*!7,,2;(7-(2'!,;(*'-(G(34*!('-*+'7-(2'7<*>!#Y#D!R!#4+2:*7'!Y4,('*,,!#-5(;,!D*-i2+8A!W*<<*E;(!'*!,L7/+*,,*!
:7,!34L74M!4'()*+,(-7(+*,>!*<<*!*,-!74,,(!24)*+-*!74M!*'-+*:+(,*,A!#'!e<<*679'*>!(<!1!*'!7!,*:-!;*'-,!34(!,2'-!6*6C+*,!
I*-!],*4<*6*'-^!-+2(,!;*'-,!;5*+;5*4+,JA!#'!U+7';*!;L*,-!C*74;24:!:<4,!62/*,-*>!4'*!34('Z7('*>!67(,!;*!,2'-!-24-*,!
/*,!9+7'/*,!64<-('7-(2'7<*,>!/2'-!<*,!+*,:2',7C<*,!/*!<L.-5(34*!24!/*!<7!/.2'-2<29(*!,2'-!*'!+*;5*+;5*!/*!;2';*:-,!
.-5(34*,!B!+*'/+*!2:.+7-(2''*<,!/7',!<*4+,!*'-+*:+(,*,A!
W*!34(!:*4-!/2''*+!4'!/1'76(,6*!'24)*74!B!<7!+*;5*+;5*!*'!.-5(34*>!;*!,2'-!<*,!-+7)74M!'2+67-(G,>!;L*,-!B!/(+*!;*4M!
34(! ,2'-! 6*'.,! :7+! /*,! ;5*+;5*4+,! 717'-! /*,! ;2')(;-(2',>! ;*! 34(! 'L*,-! :7,! ;2'-+7/(;-2(+*! 7)*;! 4'! *,:+(-! *-! /*,!
6.-52/*,!,;(*'-(G(34*,!+(924+*4MA!0L('-.+`-!/L#Y#D!*,-!/2';!/L7,,4+*+!4'!:2'-!*'-+*!<*,!-+7)74M!/*,!;5*+;5*4+,!*-!<*,!
7--*'-*,! /*,! *'-+*:+(,*,A!!
d<!'*!G74-!;*:*'/7'-!:7,!;+2(+*!34*!;*!:2'-!,2(-!34*<34*!;52,*!/*!G7;(<*!B!.-7C<(+>!;7+!<*,!5266*,!/L*'-+*:+(,*!,2'-!
1 / 8 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !