2nde GRAM reported speech
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REPORTED SPEECH Le reported speech (discours indirect/discours rapporté) est utilisé lorsqu’on rapporte les paroles de quelqu’un. QUELS SONT LES CHANGEMENT NÉCESSAIRES POUR PASSER DU DISCOURS DIRECT AU DISCOURS INDIRECT? 1. Changement des marqueurs de personnes ( pronoms personnels sujets et compléments, adjectifs et pronoms possessifs ) 2. Changement des démonstratifs « this » et « these » qui se transforment en « that » et « those ». 3. Changement de l'adverbe de lieu « here » qui se transforme en « there ». QUELS SONT LES CHANGEMENT NÉCESSAIRES POUR PASSER DU DISCOURS DIRECT AU DISCOURS INDIRECT PASSÉ? Le discours indirect PASSÉ est introduit par un verbe au SIMPLE PAST. Il y a des changements supplémentaires à ceux déjà mentionnés. 4. Changement du temps des verbes Discours direct Simple present Present be + v-ing Simple past Present perfect Past be + v-ing Present perfect be + v-ing Future Conditional Discours indirect simple past past be + v-ing past perfect past perfect past perfect be +v-ing past perfect be + v+ng conditional conditional / past conditional 5. Changement des adverbes de temps et expressions temporelles Discours direct Discours indirect Now Today Tomorrow Tomorrow morning The day after tomorrow Next week (month, year ) Yesterday Yesterday evening then ( on ) that day the following / next day, the day after the next morning two days later the following / next week ( month, year) the day before / the previous-day the evening before / the previous evening The day before yesterday Last week ( month, year ) two days before the week (month, year) before, the previous week (month, year) two days before two days ago 1. PHRASES DÉCLARATIVES (AFFIRMATIVES ET NÉGATIVES) : Elles sont introduites par : say, tell someone, explain, add, advise etc... He said : "I will go to the hairdresser's tomorrow." -> He said ( that ) he would go to the hairdresser's the next day. The teacher to Mary " I want you to finish your exercise here and now." -> The teacher told Mary (that) he wanted her to finish her exercise there and then. 2. QUESTIONS: Elles sont introduites par : ask, wonder, want to know, inquire a) Wh - questions : I to Steve: "Where are you going? -> I asked him where he was going. The pupils to Jane: "How old are you and what is your name?" -> They asked her how old she was and what her name was. Il faut reprendre le mot interrogatif et mettre le verbe de la subordonnée interrogative indirecte à la forme affirmative. b) Yes / no questions : Susan to me « Did you see John yesterday ?" -> She asked me whether / if I had seen John the day before. Mary: " Will my parents help me" -> Mary wondered whether / if her parents would help her. La subordonnée interrogative indirecte est introduite par « if » ou « whether » et le verbe doit être à la forme affirmative. 3. ORDRES : Les verbes introductifs peuvent être : tell / ask / order / command / request someone Mother to her son : « Open your mouth. » Mr Robins to his children : " Don't disturb me." Le verbe doit se mettre à l'infinitif. -> The mother ordered her son to open his mouth. -> Mr Robins asked / told his children not to disturb him 4. EXCLAMATIONS : a) Exclamations sans verbes : John to his friend : « Liar ! » Pat to her parents: "Let's go abroad in August!" -> John called his friend a liar. / John said his friend was a liar. -> Pat suggested going abroad in August. / Pat suggested they should go abroad in August. Mary to her boyfriend: " Happy birthday!" -> Mary wished her boyfriend a happy birthday. Mike to his father: " Good morning!" -> Mike greeted his father a good morning. Brian: " OK! Yes!" -> Brian agreed / accepted. « No ! » -> Brian disagreed / refused. Il faut utiliser un verbe qui ait le même sens que celui de l'exclamation. b) Exclamations introduites par "how" et "what": Jenny : « How awful ! » -> Jenny exclaimed / said that it was awful. "What an awful hat!" -> Jenny exclaimed / said that it was an awful hat. Il faut utiliser les verbes « say » et «exclaim » comme verbes introductifs. 5. PHRASE DÉCLARATIVE + QUESTION OU + ORDRE OU + EXCLAMATION Kevin to Helen : « Can you lend me your book ? I have forgotten mine -> a) Kevin asked Helen if she could tend him her book because he at home" had forgotten his at home. -> b) Kevin asked Helen if she could lend him her book. He explained he had forgotten his at home. Deux possibilités: a) on introduit un mot de liaison et on fait une seule phrase. b) on fait deux phrases en utilisant un verbe introductif différent pour chacune d'elles.
