João BENTO A short film about CERN and particle physics (~ 10 min)

Today’s Schedule of Your Visit
(1) Presentation about CERN (~ 20 min)
-- João BENTO
(2) A short film about CERN and particle
physics (~ 10 min)
(3) A visit to CERN facilities (~ 1-2 hours)
European Organization for Nuclear Research
1. What and where is CERN?
2. What does CERN do and how does CERN
do it?
3. LHC (The Large Hadron Collider) and its
4 experiments
4. Particle physics and standard model
5. Spin-off of the particle physics (e.g.
WWW was invented at CERN)
6. Summary
05 Novembre 2003
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CERN member states
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Founded in 1954 by 12 countries
Today: 20 member states
More than 7000 users from all over the world
~1000 MCHF / Year budget
1954: Convention establishing the Organization - original signatures
2004: The 20 member states
CERN in Numbers
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2256 staff
~700 other paid personnel
~9500 users
Budget (2009) 1100 MCHF
• 20 Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
United Kingdom.
• 1 Candidate for Accession to Membership of
CERN: Romania
• 8 Observers to Council: India, Israel, Japan, the
Russian Federation, the United States of America,
Turkey, the European Commission and Unesco
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CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators
Accelerator chain at CERN, a complex business
CERN site
CERN 2nd site
CERN main site
CH - F Border
SPS accelerator
Geneva Airport
LHC accelerator
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument
ever built to investigate particles properties.
• Four gigantic
underground caverns to
host the huge detectors
• The highest energy of any
accelerator in the world
• The most intense beams
of colliding particles
• It will operate at a
temperature colder than
outer space
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The LHC: what it will look like
The LHC will start operation in October 2009. It will certainly change our view of the Universe
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Preparing the LHC
27 km circumference
100 m underground
SM18 Magnets
Test Facility
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Building the CMS experiment for the LHC
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Particle accelerator. How it works
1er terme de la loi
de Lorentz
Hendrik Lorentz
(1853-1928)
Accélération linéaire: - La particule avance tout droit
Principle of linear accelerator
Le champ électrique (tension)
appliqué entre les deux plaques Switching p.d.s to keep accelerating electrons
one instant
instant
fait accélérer la particule selon une Àat un
trajectoire rectiligne.
–
Principle of linear accelerator
–
+
+
Polarité
alternating high
frequency p.d.
négative
–
–
+
+
Le champ électrique
bunches
between
Groupeof electrons
d’électrons
entre
electrodes
are accelerated
deux électrodes
est accéléré
The accelerating field
Ligne
de champ électrique
field between
zero field
entre
électrodes
electrodes
inside tube
Électron
negative(négatif)
electron
accelerated
accéléré
–
–
Un
peu
après
a little
later
+
Groupeofd’électrons
bunches
electrons
dérivent
drift throughdans
tube le tube
aEncore
little laterun
stillpeu
-
–
+
Générateur
de tension
zero p.d.
Zéro
après
+
+
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
bunches ofd’électrons
electrons between
Groupe
à
electrodes are
further accelerated
nouveau
accélérées
Électrodes
plusbelongs,
car
electrodes must
longer because
electrons vont
are going
faster
électrons
plus
vite
Polarité
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positive
Particle accelerator. How it works
Accélération circulaire: - La particule effectue une trajectoire courbe
Le champ magnétique crée
par l’ aimant fait courber
la particule
2ème terme de la loi
de Lorentz
Hendrik Lorentz
(1853-1928)
N
I
S
Trajectoire de la
particule
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The Synchrotron accelerator
Le synchrotron – un accélérateur circulaire
CAVITÉ RADIOFRÉQUENCE
AIMANT DE COURBURE
(DIPÔLES)
CHAMBRE À VIDE
AIMANT FOCALISATEUR
(QUADRUPOLES)
CIBLE
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Methods of Particle Physics
1) Concentrate energy on
particles (accelerator)
2) Collide particles (recreate
conditions after Big Bang)
3) Identify created particles in
Detector (search for new
clues)
http://pdg.web.cern.ch/pdg/particleadventure/
The constituents of matter
The Atom’s Nucleus:
Proton: 2/3 + 2/3 – 1/3
Neutron: 2/3 – 1/3 – 1/3
Today’s periodic system of the fundamental building blocks
We don't know everything!
Why three generations?
There are three "sets" of quark pairs and lepton
pairs. Each "set" of these particles is called a
generation, or family. Each set of quark and lepton
charge types is called a generation of matter
(charges +2/3, -1/3, 0, and -1 as you go down
each generation). The generations are organized by
increasing mass.
We don't know everything!
Supersymmetry?
Some physicists attempting to unify gravity with the other fundamental
forces have come to a startling prediction: every fundamental matter particle
should have a massive "shadow" force carrier particle, and every force
carrier should have a massive "shadow" matter particle. This relationship
between matter particles and force carriers is called supersymmetry. For
example, for every type of quark there may be a type of particle called a
"squark."
No supersymmetric particle has yet been found, but experiments are
underway at CERN and Fermilab to detect supersymmetric partner particles.
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We don't know everything!
Higgs boson?
The Standard Model cannot explain why a particle has a
certain mass. For example, both the photon and the W
particle are force carrier particles: why is the photon
massless and the W particle massive?
Physicists have theorized the existence of the so-called
Higgs field, which in theory interacts with other particles
to give them mass. The Higgs field requires a particle, the
Higgs boson. The Higgs boson has not been observed, but
physicists are looking for it with great enthusiasm.
The LHC will help solving all
these unsolved mysteries
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Higgs signature at the LHC
The two proton beams at the LHC will collide headon 800 million times per second
We expect only 1 Higgs in
1,000,000,000,000 events
Evolution of CERN computing needs
CPU capacity 1998-2010
Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN
5'000
4'500
4'000
3'500
K SI95
3'000
2'500
2'000
Other
experiments
1'500
LHC experiments
1'000
500
0
1998
10K SI95 = 1200 cpu
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
year
The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits doubles every year and half
2009
2010
Moore’s law
CERN, Internet and the WWW
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The GRID: a possible solution to
CERN computing needs
The LHC computing GRID is a project funded by the
European Union. The objective is to build the next
generation computing infrastructure providing
intensive computation and analysis
Medical applications of particle physics
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Summary
• CERN is the largest laboratory for particle
physics research in the world
• It was founded 57 years ago and has built the
most powerful particle accelerator in the
world in 2008
• The particle physics studies the matter in its
smallest dimension and deepens the human
being’s understanding about the nature
• Research at CERN advances the development
of technology, e.g. WWW was invented at
CERN at the end of 1980’s
• Welcome to CERN, we wish you have a
pleasant visit
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