Abridged English version
Between 10° S and 20° S a large segment of the East Paci-
fic Rise (EPR) shows accretion rates from 141 to 162 mm/y,
the fastest ever measured (Naar and Hey, 1989; DeMets et
al., 1990; Perram et al., 1993; Cormier and Macdonald,
1994). Between 17° and 18° 37' S the spreading axis is a
2600 m-deep, elongated dome and consists of three 25 to 40
km-long segments (segments I, J, K) separated by second
order discontinuities at 18° 22' S and 18° 37' S. This area has
been intensively surveyed since 1984 (Renard et al. 1985;
Bäcker et al., 1985; Lonsdale, 1989; Macdonald et al., 1991,
1992; Scheirer et al., 1993; Cormier and Macdonald, 1994).
A very shallow (less than 1 km-deep) seismic reflector inter-
preted as the top of the magma chamber has been identified
by OBS and multichannel seismic surveys (Detrick et al.,
1993) at 17° 22' S. In 1984 the submersible Cyana carried
out 8 dives between 17° 30' and 21° 30' S (Renard et al.,
1985; Bäcker et al., 1985; Gente, 1987) and discovered fos-
sil hydrothermal deposits in collapsed lava lakes.
In this paper we present unpublished morphological obser-
vations made during the Naudur cruise of the submersible
Nautile (1993). The objective of the Naudur cruise was to
carry out geological explorations along different segments of
the EPR located between 17° and 19° S in order to study the
interactions between magmatic, tectonic and hydrothermal
processes along an ultra-fast spreading axis. Twenty three
dives have thus been navigated along and across axis in dif-
ferent areas centred around 17° 10' S, 17° 25' S, 18° 15' S and
18° 25' S. These allowed crucial observations and important
sampling, and led to further studies of tectonic and magmatic
processes along the axial region of the EPR (Auzende et al.,
1994; Fouquet et al., 1994; Geistdoerfer et al., 1995; Auzende
et al., 1996; Caroff et al., 1997, Lagabrielle and Cormier,
1999; Lagabrielle et al., 2001; Garel et al., 2002).
In the 17° 10' S region (zone A), the spreading axis is a
dome culminating at a depth of 2600 m. It is devoid of a
summital depression. Two main types of lavas have been
observed: pillows and tubes on the flanks of the ridge, and
fluid, lobate lavas at the axis. The pillows and tubes are cap-
ped by a very thin sedimentary cover, but the fluid lavas are
extremely fresh and lack a sedimentary cover. In the very
axial part of the dome, one or two parallel fissures cut
through the most recent lobate flows, thus highlighting the
location of the active region.
The 17° 25 S region (zone B) also shows an axial dome
culminating at 2600 m below sea level (mbsl), and devoid of
a wide axial depression. This region was surveyed during
Cyana dives in 1984 (Geocyarise cruise: Renard et al.,
1985). At that time, the magmatic activity was concentrated
only along an axial alignment of narrow collapsed lava
lakes, and hydrothermal activity was not important. The 6
dives carried out in this region during the Naudur cruise
reveal that important changes in morphology and magmatic
and hydrothermal activities have occurred since 1984.
In contrast with the previous zone, the axial domain south
of 18° 00' S is characterized by a wide depression bounded by
two ridges culminating around 2650 m. North of 18° 20' S
(zone C), where 5 dives were conducted (7, 14, 15, 16, 17),
the axial depression has a maximum width of 800 m and
may include a secondary axial depression with a maximum
depth of 80 m, bounded by two steps. The main boundary
faults of the graben have a total vertical offset of 30-40 m.
The bottom of the central valley shows intense faulting.
Open fissures, a few metres wide, are extremely common.
Some separate small horsts only a few metres wide and 10
metres high. These very fragile features are locally tilted.
Volcanic rocks include: (a) chaotic, brecciated, and draped
lavas on the flanks of the axial dome, (b) thick pillow lava
formations at the edge of the graben, and (c) collapsed lava
lakes with relict pillars up to 10-15 m high, and associated
pillows in the central graben. These latest volcanic forma-
tions are well exposed along the walls of the open fissures.
The region between 18° 22' S and 18° 34' S (zone D) also
exhibits a complex morphology with a 200 to 500 m wide
axial depression bounded by 2 asymmetrical ridges culmina-
ting at 2600 mbsl (eastern side) and 2700 mbsl (western side).
Six dives were conducted in that area (7, 8, 13, 10, 11 and 12).
Intense tectonic activity also occurs within the central depres-
sion as shown by the numerous open fissures, up to 10 m wide,
which separate pillow ridges. A uniform sedimentary cover, a
few millimetres thick, is observed throughout the entire
domain. Between 18° 34' S and 18° 37' S, the axial zone
consists of a 50 m deep and 200 m wide summital graben
bounded by two vertical, symmetrical walls in which poorly
tectonized, lobate lavas, lava lakes and massive lava flows
have been emplaced. Extremely recent flows have been obser-
ved covering recent lavas and scree breccias. Hot water has
been seen in places escaping from the surface of the lavas.
The temperature of the water increased by 2.5 °C around the
submersible when navigating 2-3 m over these recent lava
flows. No hydrothermal deposits were observed in this region.
These observations highlight the important morphostruc-
tural variability of the axial region of the ultrafast spreading
EPR and the strong imprint of alternating volcanic and tec-
tonic processes on seafloor morphology. Volcanic processes
are dominant at 17° 10' S and 17° 25' S, where the activity
is restricted to a narrow corridor of lava lakes at the
summit of the axial dome. Between 18° 10' S and 19° 00' S,
tectonic processes are dominant and volcanism may be
quiescent. The current activity is located within a central
depression, 200 to 800 m wide, showing numerous faults
and fissures, that notches the summit of the axial dome. At
18° 34' S, very recent lava flows are emplaced within this
central depression. This indicates an evolution from a tecto-
nic to a volcanic stage.
Introduction
Les dorsales océaniques sont des bombements des fonds
marins de très grande amplitude, à pente générale très faible,
s'élevant au dessus des plaines abyssales. Elles sont souli-
gnées sur une carte mondiale par le contour de l'isobathe
4000 m. Leur sommet est à la profondeur moyenne de
2500 m, mais des exceptions locales existent, en relation
avec la présence d'une zone de manteau anormalement
106 Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement, 2005, n° 2, p. 105-120
Yves Lagabrielle