l’école deBerlin tout en marquant fortement l’intérêt de cette approche
structurale desémotions et des phénomènes expressifs, qui le guide dès La
structure ducomportement.Mais c’est également le statut fondamental que
Koffka accordeà la structuration émotionnelle du monde perçu qui marquera
fortement denombreux philosophes (Cassirer, Scheler, Merleau-Ponty) et
psychologues(Werner, Buijtendjik, Tolman, Gibson) : en s’appuyant sur
la psychologiede l’enfant naissante, Koffka émet l’hypothèse selon
laquelle les émotionsainsi conçues seraient le rapport perceptif primitif
des organismes vivants aumonde, qui se manifesterait alors précisément
comme originairement« expressif », plutôt que comme un ensemble de qualités
substantiellesqui répondraient davantage à une interrogation attentive
d’ordre intellectuel.L’expressivité émotionnelle serait alors comme une
couche biologique primitivede l’intentionnalité perceptive, à partir de
laquelle on pourrait espérerrendre compte généalogiquement de la perception
et de la consciencespécifiquement humaines.L’une des questions centrales
est alors de savoir si l’onpeut vraiment faire de la perception expressive
un rapport immédiat au monde (àpartir duquel on pourrait éventuellement
chercher, comme Merleau-Ponty, àdériver jusqu’à notre perception des
qualités sensibles), ou s’il ne faut pas,au contraire, nécessairement fon
der ce rapport sur une facticité purementqualitative, qui ne prendrait des
valeurs émotionnelles que dans l’appréhensionde son rapport à nos
fins. Though it has been too few noticed, the theory ofemotions plays a
very central strategic role in Berlin Gestalt Psychology: Köhlerand Koffka
thus conceive of them as the main evidences for theirpsychophysiological
isomorphism hypothesis. Indeed, emotions are conceived asdynamic “Gestalt
qualities” which phenomenally manifest the causal relationsoccurring in the
brain between the events respectively corresponding to thebehavioral
environment and the perceived body. Therefore, they are thephenomena where
the hypothesis of a “manifest organization”, which conditionsthe
psychophysiological isomorphism thesis, can be directly studied.But apart
from this hypothesisaccording to which emotions are thus the phenomenal
correlates of the brain’scausal structures, this approach of emotions has
the specificity of treatingth
em as relations, although of aspecial kind, since they are endowed with a
phenomenally distinct “dynamic”qualitative character, through which they
are precisely supposed to “manifest”the underlying brain causality. Hence,
this approach presents a number of advantages,which make it worth
considering for itself. Indeed, if emotions are thus causalrelations (or
structures) which are directly felt between the figures in theenvironment
and the perceived body, then they simultaneously account for, boththe
“expressive” or “physiognomic” characters (such as “frightening”,
“soothing”,“fascinating”, etc., or even “beautiful”) with which those
figures appear inthe behavioral environment, and the “tendencies towards
action” from whichemotions seem inseparable for the subject who experiences
them: both thosecharacters and tendencies are then relational predicates
expressing the feltcausal relation itself, that is, two different ways, one
subjective, on
eobjective, of talking about the emotion itself, as it is felt between the
subject and the object.Therefore, this conception ofemotions has a
fecundity of its own, independently of the isomorphismhypothesis, a
fecundity which Kurt Lewin notably has developed for itself, bydeveloping a
phenomenology of the emotional and dynamic organization of the sensoryfield
apart from any underlying naturalistic hypothesis. In his Cours à la
Sorbonne, Merleau-Ponty thus explicitly followed the footsteps of Lewin,
byemphasizing the interest of such a structural approach of emotions
andexpressive phenomena, which guided him since La structure du
comportement, while rejecting the naturalisticinspiration of the Berlin
school of Gestalt psychology.However, this “dynamic theory ofemotions”, as
Koffka called it, was also strongly influential on manyphilosophers
(Cassirer, Scheler, Merleau-Ponty) and psychologists (Werner,Buijtendjik,
Tolman, Gibson) through the fundamental genetic status wit