Les interactions intermoléculaires

!!
Les$interactions$intermoléculaires$
!"#"!$%&'()*+'$"
"!"#$%&'()*+,-"$.%)#./(01"+2"#+&*."%/$()*#+&*."%3)-,$1-/&%"#+
!!"#"!$%,&-*+'$."/0,*%&'.%-+1),.""
+4*."%/$()*#+$5/%6"7$5/%6"8+$5/%6"72&'9-"+".+2&'9-"72&'9-"+:;""#)3<+
!!!"#"!$%,&-*+'$."2$()2%,."
+=)()*+2"+')-/%&#/>&-&.,+
+4*."%/$()*#+$5/%6"72&'9-"+&*21&.+".+2&'9-"72&'9-"+&*21&.+:!">?"<+
+4*."%/$()*#+2"+2&#'"%#&)*+:@)*2)*<++
!3"#"42-2.'$"(,"5-$"(,&"6--0."
+4*."%/$()*#+%,'1-#&A"#+:B/1-&<+
+C*"%6&"+')."*("--"+&*."%3)-,$1-/&%"+".+-&/&#)*+2"+A/*+2"%+D//-#+
+E)*#,01"*$"#+#1%+-"#+'%)'%&,.,#+3/$%)#$)'&01"# ++
3"#"42-2.'$"78(&'9:$,"

Introduction$
"#!$%#%&'(!)*%+%,-./!,-0.$$.!&'%1!)'2#$.(1.!'-!%'(%,-./!#&&-3.!$#!
)'*4&%'(!5.&!#1'+.&!#-!&.%(!5.&!45%6).&!+'$4)-$#%3.&7!!
!
"0#&&.+8$#9.!5.!).&!.(:14&!+%)3'&)';%,-.&!;'-3!<'3+.3!$.&!
5%=43.(1&!41#1&!5.!$#!+#:>3./!3.$>2.!5.!<'3).&!;$-&!<#%8$.&!,-%!(.!
+'5%6.(1!;#&!$#!&13-)1-3.!%(:+.!5.!).&!<3#9+.(1&7!
;'0/*)0,."
!$%,&-*+'$."
2$%,&;'0/*)0-2&,."

Introduction$
".&!%(1.3#):'(&!%(1.3+'$4)-$#%3.&!&'(1!5.!(#1-3.!/0,*%&'.%-+1),7!!
!
?$$.&!;3'2%.((.(1!5.!$0%(1.3#):'(!.(13.!$.&!;#3:)-$.&!,-%!
)'+;'&.(1!$.&!+'$4)-$.&!@!('A#-B!)*#394&!;'&%:2.+.(1!.1!
4$.)13'(&!5.!)*#39.!(49#:2.7!
C'-3!#(#$A&.3!$.&!5%=43.(1.&!%(1.3#):'(&!%(1.3+'$4)-$#%3.&/!'(!
-:$%&.!-(!+'5>$.!4$.)13'&1#:,-.!)$#&&%,-.!5#(&!$.,-.$!$.&!
+'$4)-$.&!&'(1!54)3%1.&!;#3!-(!.(&.+8$.!5.!*7-&9,."<'$*%),00,.7!

Introduction$
✓ D(.!+'$4)-$.!)*#394.!;.-1!E13.!54)3%1.!;#3!-(.!)*#39.!
;'()1-.$$.!49#$.!F!$#!)*#39.!1'1#$.!5.!$#!+'$4)-$.!
✓ D(.!+'$4)-$.!(.-13.!5%;'$#%3.!;.-1!E13.!54)3%1.!5.-B!)*#39.&!
<3#):'((#%3.&!5.!&%9(.&!';;'&4&!G5%;H$.I!
✓ D(.!+'$4)-$.!(.-13.!#;'$#%3.!;.-1!E13.!54)3%1.!;#3!-(!.(&.+8$.!
5.!;$-&%.-3&!)*#39.&!<3#):'((#%3.&!G+-$:;'$.I!)#3#)143%&:,-.!5.!
$#!94'+413%.!5.!$#!+'$4)-$.!

Exemples$de$molécules$dipolaires$
JKKL!
Mδ" Kδ" N'+.(1!5%;'$#%3.!!
µ = Gδ.I!B!5!
O%+.(&%'(&!GPQI!@!R7+!
S!O!GO.8A.I!T!U/UUV7SWKUW!R7+!
5
µ!
Molécule(HF!
X!
Mδ"
KYδ"
=';,$%"(2<'0-2&,"%'%-0"
5!
µ>!
J!
J!
Mδ"
5!
µ?!
!
µ =! µ
1+!
µ
2
!
µ =! µ
1+!
µ
2=2!
µ
1cos 109, 5 2
( )
Molécule(H2O!