
Histoire économique
La Révolution industrielle
Vincent Charpilloz - Julien Guyot – Andreas Fuster - Olivier Perrinjaquet
Cependant, le fait que le terme de "révolution industrielle" émerge si tard des traités
d'histoire nous permet d'avancer que malgré la représentation que l'on peut en avoir, les
hommes l’ayant vécue ne s'en sont pas rendu compte vraiment. Il faut attendre Marx et les
marxistes et l'élaboration de leur théorie sur le "factory system" anglais ou de "modern
industry" pour qu'il y ait une prise de conscience des bouleversements qu'a provoqués la RI.
2.1 What occurred during the Industrial Revolution?
There were numerous and far-reaching changes that occurred in English history prior to the
Industrial Revolution, but these are completely eclipsed by the irreversible transformation
and evolution of the English society between the years 1760 and 1830. The only epoch that
can be compared in magnitude to the fundamental change of the human condition is the
Neolithic Age, which man discovered how to become a settled agriculturist and herdsman
instead of a hunter or nomad. The Industrial Revolution basically created the kind of society,
which seems so commonplace and normal to us. It offered to men, for the first time in history,
the way toward controlling their environment instead of being at its mercy.
In the current world it is taken for granted that if a nation is to become prosperous and
powerful it must have an industrial revolution. The Western and some Eastern societies
followed the British lead in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the concept of an
industrial revolution is now accepted as a definite phase in the life of modern nations. The
British Industrial Revolution stands out because it was the first one in history. The exact
reason why this metamorphosis of the economy and society started in Britain continues to
puzzle historians, but they have reached the consensus that it was very complex and
interlocking changes which defy any single-cause explanation.
Agriculture was the dominant part of the economy before 1760 in England, with a small
population, a low standard of living for the majority of the people, a hierarchical social
system, and an aristocratic oligarchy in political control. England became, as a result of the
Industrial Revolution, a nation dependent on her manufacturing and extractive industries,
with a large population, great urban centres, vastly increased wealth, some of which slowly
trickled down to the lower classes, an increasing degree of social mobility, and political
democracy. Needless to say, the Industrial Revolution changed the English and
subsequently the entire world's way of life completely and in the most fundamental ways.
To avoid confusion and facilitate the understanding of the different aspects of the Industrial
Revolution, it is best to explain each separately, even though they were profoundly
interwoven and there was much interaction between them.