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Document TransBioFruits, pages 44 à 85, décembre 2012

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Les principaLes cLรฉs du verger bio transfrontaLier44 45
๏ƒ ๎€ƒLes dรฉgรขts
๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎„๎„๎„‚๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ ๎…๎„…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎†Œ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎†๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„๎…๎†‰๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎†๎†๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎…ฝ๎ฒ๎‡๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎˜๎€ƒ
๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎†๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ก๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎†๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎†Œ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ
Les bandes ๎ˆeuries
biodiversitรฉ
๏ƒ ๎€ƒIntรฉrรชt
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎„š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎„๎†ต๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„š๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎„ ๎†๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†๎›๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†ฉ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€œ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎†š๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…๎… ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Œ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…š๎‡‡๎†š๎…ฝ-
๎†‰๎…š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎…ต๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…-
๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฏ๎•๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎…๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎พ๎€‘๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎„๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„ž-
๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎น๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎„๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎†๎‡‡๎†๎†š๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…-
๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎†ต๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ-
๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ก๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎…ฉ๎†ต๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎ญ๎ฑ๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„‚๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎„‚๎…๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎›๎„ž๎†๎†š๎•๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎…ฝ๎‡‡๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„‚๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎ญ๎•๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„‚๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…-
๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎„๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎›๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎ด๎ฌ๎น๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎น๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎น๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ๎˜
๎€œ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎‡€๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎€œ๎„๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ -
๎…๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎ฟ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…-
๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎€ƒ(Tableau 4.1)๎˜
๎™๎†ต๎„‚๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎—
Un mรฉlange
composรฉ de 20
espรจces ๎…‡orales.
Un mรฉlange alliant
80% de graminรฉes
et 20% de ๎…‡orales.
une bande
enherbรฉe
non fauchรฉe.
une bande
enherbรฉe
fauchรฉe.
๏ƒ ๎€ƒExpรฉrimentations menรฉes
๎€’๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎ฒ
๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎†๎ฒ๎„ƒ๎ฒ๎‡€๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
Les principaLes cLรฉs du verger bio transfrontaLier
46 47
๎€ƒ๎€„๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž ๎€œ๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต๎€ƒ
๎พ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎ฟ
๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎พCentaurea cyanus๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎พCentaurea thuillieri๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พDaucus carota๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎…ฝ๎†š๎€ƒ๎พPapaver rhoeas๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„ž๎„•๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎‡€๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พSenecio vulgare๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎€ƒ๎พSonchus sp๎ฟ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ
๎€„๎„๎…š๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พAchillea millefolium๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎พCentaurea
thuillieri๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พDaucus carota๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พLeucanthe-
mum vulgare๎ฟ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ
๎€„๎„๎…š๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พAchillea millefolium๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎พCentaurea
thuillieri๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พDaucus carota๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พLeucanthe-
mum vulgare๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎…๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พCichorium intybus๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎พHypericum perforatum๎ฟ
๎ค๎€„๎€‘๎€พ๎€œ๎€„๎จ๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎˜๎ญ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ณ๎‹๎€พ๎จ๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎—๎€๎€’๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎ณ๎€ž๎€ง๎€ž๎ค๎€„๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€„๎…๎ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€„๎…๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€พ๎€œ๎จ๎š๎€ฏ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ž๎€ฏ๎ค๎จ๎€ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ž๎จ๎š๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ž๎€ฏ๎ค๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎š๎€œ๎€˜๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎Žˆ๎€œ๎€’๎‹๎ž๎€œ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ช๎€ƒ๎ณ๎€œ๎š๎€ง๎€œ๎š๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…๎ค๎€ž๎€ง๎š๎€ž๎€ƒ๎ซ๎Ž‰
๎€„๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž ๎—๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ
๎…๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ
๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎ŽŽ ๎—๎…๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ณ๎ฒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต ๎ด๎ฑ๎ต ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ ๎ญ๎ด๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฒ๎ฒ๎ต๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด ๎ญ๎ฐ๎ฎ๎ต ๎ต๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฐ๎ณ๎ณ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ ๎ฎ๎ณ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฒ๎ฒ๎ฎ๎ฑ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ด ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฐ๎ด๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ
biodiversitรฉ
๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ซ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎€ƒ(Tableau 4.2)๎˜
๎ค๎€„๎€‘๎€พ๎€œ๎€„๎จ๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎˜๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎‹๎„๎€‘๎š๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ค๎‹๎ค๎€„๎€พ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎›๎€„๎จ๎น๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ฏ๎€„๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎จ๎ค๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎š๎€œ๎ค๎š๎‹๎จ๎ณ๎€ž๎ž๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€„๎…๎ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€„๎…๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€พ๎€œ๎จ๎ณ
๎š๎€ฏ๎€œ๎•๎€ƒ๎ž๎€ฏ๎ค๎จ๎€ž๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ž๎จ๎š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎ž๎€ฏ๎ค๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎š๎€œ๎€˜๎‹๎…
๎ŽŽ๎พ๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†๎†‰๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎ฟ
๎€„๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„จ๎„‚๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ฎ๎„ ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎จ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎‡‡๎…ต๎„ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
55%๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ(Tableau 4.3)๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ฒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎ฟ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ฎ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…š๎‡‡๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†š๎…š๎„Ÿ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎‡€๎„ ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†๎„‚๎…๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎˜
๎€ฌ๎‡‡๎…ต๎„ ๎ฒ
๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎€’๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎€˜๎…๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎€˜๎„ž๎†Œ๎ฒ
๎…ต๎„‚๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎€ฌ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎ฒ
๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎…๎„ ๎ฒ
๎‡€๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎€„๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…š๎ฒ
๎…ถ๎…๎„š๎„ ๎†
๎ค๎…š๎‡‡๎†๎„‚๎ฒ
๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎ฒ
๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต ๎ฐ๎ฐ ๎ต ๎ด 0๎ญ๎ฑ ๎ญ๎ฏ ๎ฑ ๎ฒ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ ๎ด๎ต 2๎‘„๎ญ ๎‘„๎ญ -๎‘„๎ญ ๎ด ๎‘„๎ญ
๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ ๎ฏ๎ฎ ๎ญ๎ฐ ๎ฎ๎ณ 0๎ด1๎ญ๎ด 0
๎„๎…ฝ๎‡‡๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ 55 ๎ด12 ๎‘„๎ญ ๎ด ๎ฑ 10 2
๎ค๎€„๎€‘๎€พ๎€œ๎€„๎จ๎€ƒ ๎ฐ๎˜๎ฏ๎€ƒ ๎—๎€ƒ ๎€œ๎ณ๎‹๎€พ๎จ๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ ๎€˜๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ ๎—๎š๎‹๎—๎‹๎š๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎ž๎€ƒ ๎€˜๎›๎‹๎š๎€˜๎š๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ ๎€˜๎›๎€„๎จ๎น๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ฏ๎€„๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ ๎š๎€œ๎ค๎š๎‹๎จ๎ณ๎€ž๎ž๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎€„๎…๎ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎€‘๎€„๎…๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€พ๎€œ๎จ๎š๎€ฏ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎จ๎š๎€„๎…๎ค๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎€„๎…๎ž๎€ƒ๎Žˆ๎€œ๎…๎น๎Ž‰๎˜
๎…๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎‡†๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎„๎†ต๎„ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎†š๎†ต๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎†š๎†ต๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„Ÿ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎„๎…๎˜๎€ƒ๎€„๎†ต๎ฒ๎„š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎„Ÿ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎…š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚-
๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎…‡๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎…ต๎„ก๎…ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€ฏ๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ฎ๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ 
๎€„๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ฎ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž-
๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎—
๏‚ก๎€ƒ ๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•
๏‚ก๎€ƒ ๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ
๏‚ก๎€ƒ ๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎˜
๎€œ๎‡€๎„‚๎…ฏ๎†ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€‘๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎†€๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ 
Les principaLes cLรฉs du verger bio transfrontaLier
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๎„๎…ฝ๎„š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎† ๎€„๎†Œ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎น๎ฟ
๎€˜๎…๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต
๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š ๎ฑ๎ณ ๎ฎ๎ฐ๎ฒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ
๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎†ต๎…๎†š ๎ฐ๎ฌ ๎ฎ๎ฐ๎ฒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎—๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š ๎ฏ ๎ญ๎ฐ๎ฒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š
๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎…-
๎„ฎ๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ(Tableau 4.4)๎˜๎€ƒ
๎ค๎€„๎€‘๎€พ๎€œ๎€„๎จ๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎˜๎ฐ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…๎€ฆ๎€พ๎จ๎€œ๎…๎€’๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎จ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€œ๎ค๎€ƒ๎ž๎จ๎š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎…๎€ฏ๎ณ๎€œ๎€„๎จ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€’๎‹๎€พ๎‹๎…๎€ฏ๎ž๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€„๎š๎€‘๎š๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€„๎š๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€„๎จ๎น๎€ฏ๎€พ๎€ฏ๎€„๎€ฏ๎š๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ค๎€ƒ๎ž๎จ๎š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€„๎€ƒ๎—๎€ž๎š๎€ฏ๎‹๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€ฏ๎ž๎—๎€„๎š๎€ฏ๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎€˜๎จ๎€ƒ๎š๎€„๎ณ๎€„๎€ง๎€œ๎จ๎š๎˜
biodiversitรฉ
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎…-
๎„ฎ๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎…‡๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ก๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎‡€๎…-
๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ถ๎…‡๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ฎ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎พ๎€ฆ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ฎ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎„‚๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ
๎…๎„ ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎„ธ๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„‚๎‡Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ธ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„Ÿ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„ ๎†Ÿ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„š๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ -
๎„๎…ฝ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎€ƒ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„จ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ต-
๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž-
๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†š๎˜
๎„๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž
โ—๎€ƒ๎€’๎€ฌ๎‹๎€ฏ๎น๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎€œ๎ž๎—๎€๎€’๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ
๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡‡๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„-
๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎‡€๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„ธ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ-
๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ
โ—๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎€ž๎—๎€„๎š๎€„๎ค๎€ฏ๎‹๎…๎€ƒ๎€˜๎จ๎€ƒ๎ž๎‹๎€พ
๎€ƒ ๎—๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„๎„ž๎†๎†๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎ฒ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…‡๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€„๎…๎…ถ๎†๎…๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎„š๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
โ—๎€ƒ๎ž๎€œ๎„๎€ฏ๎ž
๎€ƒ ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎ฒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž-
๎…ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎ฌ๎…ต๎ธ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎„‚๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎ฒ๎„๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„Ÿ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ
51Les principaLes cLรฉs du verger bio transfrontaLier50
Reconnaitre les principaux auxiliaires du puceron
๎€’๎‹๎€พ๎€ž๎‹๎—๎ค๎€๎š๎€œ๎ž ๎…๎€ž๎ณ๎š๎‹๎—๎ค๎€๎š๎€œ๎ž
๎€’๎…ฝ๎„๎„๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎† ๎€’๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎† ๎€’๎…š๎†Œ๎‡‡๎†๎…ฝ๎†‰๎„ž๎† ๎€ฌ๎„ ๎…ต๎„ ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎„ž๎†
Adalia bipunctata Coccinella
septempunctata
Propylea quatuor-
decimpunctata
Poecilus cupreus Chrysopa sp. Hemerobius sp.
๎ฏ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฒ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎ฌ๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ -๎ฏ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎ฌ๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†š ๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ
๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฝ๎†ธ๎†š
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž
๎€˜๎€ฏ๎—๎ค๎€๎š๎€œ๎ž ๎€˜๎€œ๎š๎„๎€„๎—๎ค๎€๎š๎€œ๎ž ๎€ฏ๎…๎ž๎€œ๎€’๎ค๎€œ๎ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€„๎š๎€„๎ž๎€ฏ๎ค๎‹๎€ด๎€˜๎€œ๎ž
๎ž๎‡‡๎†Œ๎†‰๎…š๎„ž๎† ๎€’๎„ ๎„๎…๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎‡‡๎…ฏ๎„ž๎† ๎€ฆ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ฎ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎† ๎€ฌ๎‡‡๎…ต๎„ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†š๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†
Syrphus sp. Aphidoletes
aphimyza
For๎„ฎcula sp. Aphidius sp.
40-70 pucerons/
jour
7-20 pucerons/
jour
3-8 pucerons/
jour -
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž ๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎†๎„ž๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฝ๎†ธ๎†š
๎€ฌ๎€ž๎ค๎€ž๎š๎‹๎—๎ค๎€๎š๎€œ๎ž
๎€„๎…ถ๎†š๎…š๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„š๎„ž๎† ๎„๎…๎†Œ๎…๎„š๎„ž๎†
Anthocoris
nemorum
Anthocoris
nemoralis
Orius sp. Deraeocoris
ruber
Heterotoma
micropterum
5 ร  10 pucerons/jour 10 pucerons/jour
๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎†Œ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž ๎—๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž
Chrysopa sp.
Les principaLes cLรฉs du verger bio transfrontaLier52
Comprendre la maladie -
Sa principale alliรฉe : lโ€™eau
๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎†‰๎…๎…๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎…š๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎…š๎„Ÿ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎„๎†ต๎…ต๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ(Fig. 5.1)๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€˜๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎„๎…ฝ๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎…๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ
๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎พ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€’๎ฒ๎€’๎ฏ๎ฟ๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎†๎†๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ฏ๎…ต๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†‰๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎พ๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎†๎ฟ๎˜
๎€’๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎„จ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎†ต๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎‡‡๎„๎„ ๎…ฏ๎…๎†ต๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎…ถ๎„ ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎†‰๎…-
๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€„๎†‰๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ถ๎„๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎‡‡๎…ต๎†‰๎†š๎†€๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎„จ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„จ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…๎„š๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎…๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎˜
Gestion de la tavelure du pommier
๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎„ ๎…ถ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎„š๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…š๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎†‰๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎…๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ ๎…๎…ถ๎„จ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†š๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎ฒ
๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พVenturia inaequalis๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎‡€๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„จ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎„‚๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎†๎„Ÿ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎ฒ
๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎†ต๎…๎†š๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎ฒ
๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎†Œ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎˜
Tavelure sur fruits cv. โ€˜Pinovaโ€™
53
Fig. 5.1 : Le cycle de vie de la tavelure est strictement liรฉ au cycle de vie du pommier. Les trois
approches possibles de rupture de ce cycle sont (1) lโ€™u๎†Ÿlisa๎†Ÿon de variรฉtรฉs moins sensibles,
(2) les pra๎†Ÿques sanitaires visant ร  rรฉduire en automne lโ€™inoculum primaire prรฉsent au verger
dans la li๎†Ÿรจre de feuilles de pommier et (3) la protec๎†Ÿon phytosanitaire au printemps.
gestion de La taveLure du pommier
Phase parasite
(Spilocaea pomi)
Rรฉsistance
variรฉtale
Pratiques sanitaires
Protection
phytosanitaire
Phase saprophyte
(Venturia inaequalis)
pรฉnรฉtration sub-cuticulaire
infection
conidies
libรฉration
des ascospores
symptomes
fruits
symptomes
feuilles
formation des
conidiophores
contamination primaire
des jeunes fruits et
des feuilles
cuticule
รฉpiderme
ascospore
feuilles infectรฉes
sur le sol
pรฉrithรจce
pseudothรจse
forme sexuรฉe
asque
avec ascospores
Anthรฉridie
Ascogone
Mycelium
intercellulaire
1 / 22 100%
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