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ABSTRACT
Combining respect of the environment and the well-being of people living from natural
resource exploitation in the Amazon is a concern meant to transform the politics of territorial
exploitation. In this study, I show that the gains of economic development, the protection of the
environment and the improvement of the quality of life of local populations are compatible
objectives. However, tensions remain between the three pillars of sustainable development and
there is a need for negotiation in order to reach equilibrium of costs and benefits of such
development. In the Amazon, this negotiation process takes the form of a framework of development
through government legislation. These laws clarify property rights and establish a management
system of forest resources exploitation on public and private lands. By analysing two cases of forest
resources exploitation, logging and acai berry extraction, I explain the reasons why local populations,
whose main source of revenue is forest resources exploitation, are little integrated in the
development process. Public regulations applied to logging tend to criminalize activities practiced by
local populations without providing other alternatives to forest management plan compliance. In the
acai berry case, the coexistence of culture and extractive (harvesting) systems of production allows
local populations to carry on with their traditional activities and the distribution of costs and benefits
of development tends to be more equitable between the actors.
Key words: Amazon, Brazil, sustainable development, property rights, acai, logging, culture,
extractivism, environment