iv
Chapitre 2 : Innovation through hybridization : morphological and developmental
transgressions in the jaws of Chrosomus eos-neogaeus clonal fishes ...................................... 24
2.1. Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 25
2.2. Background .................................................................................................................... 26
2.3. Material and methods ..................................................................................................... 32
2.3.1. Specimen sampling and genetic identification ....................................................... 32
2.3.2. X-ray Micro-computed tomography and reconstruction ........................................ 32
2.3.3. Geometric morphometric analyses ......................................................................... 33
2.3.4. Shape analyses ........................................................................................................ 35
2.3.5. Size and allometry................................................................................................... 35
2.3.6. Closeness and transgression .................................................................................... 36
2.4. Results ............................................................................................................................ 38
2.4.1. Morphological variation within the C. eos-neogaeus complex .............................. 38
2.4.2. Allometric variation and trait interactions .............................................................. 42
2.4.3. Closeness and transgression .................................................................................... 45
2.5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 47
2.5.1. Patterns of phenotypic dominance, transgression and variation in C. eos-neogaeus
hybrids............................................................................................................................... 47
2.5.2. Developmental and mosaic responses to hybridization .......................................... 49
2.5.3. Does morphological transgression mean ecological transgression? ....................... 51
2.5.4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 52
2.6. Supplementary data ........................................................................................................ 54
Chapitre 3 : Discussion ............................................................................................................. 56
3.1. Retour sur les objectifs................................................................................................... 56
3.2. Variations morphologiques et développementales chez les hybrides C. eos-neogaeus 57
3.2.1. Dominance génétique chez C. eos-neogaeus .......................................................... 58
3.2.2. Variation et transgressions phénotypiques chez C. eos-neogaeus .......................... 59
3.2.3. Changements développementaux suite à l’hybridation .......................................... 60
3.3. Différences écologiques au sein du complexe C. eos-neogaeus.................................... 62
3.3.1. L’effet de l’environnement sur la variation morphologique ................................... 63