!
"!
#$%&'!(!)!*+!,-'..'!+-!//%&'!01%23'!)!4-'..'0!&5671+3'0!'8!'0951.0!7'!9+1:!)!!
La#Première#Guerre#mondiale!:"l’expérience"
combattante)dans)une)guerre)totale!
;5-<'+-!2$+918.'!0-.!3'0!,-'..'0!+-!//'!01%23'!)!!
"= >.'&1%.'!4-'..'!&5671+3'!
(= ?'2567'!4-'..'!&5671+3'!
@= *'0!'0951.0!7'!9+1:!!
A= *+!,-'..'!B.517'!!
C= *'0!,-'..'0!7'9-10!"DD"=!
!
Introduction*:*
E6!1914,%l’Europe%domine%le%monde!FB16!7'!3GH2565&1'I&567'!J.18+661K-'L!)!0'0!
E8+80! 9500%7'68! 7'0! 1&&'60'0! '&91.'0! 253561+-:! '6! MB.1K-'! '8! '6! M01'! K-1! 3'-.!
B5-.6100'68! &+81%.'0! 9.'&1%.'0! N! J+0! 9.1:! '8! 7HJ5-2$H0! 95-.! 3'-.0! 9.57-180!
167-08.1'30=!!
*+!>.'&1%.'!4-'..'!&5671+3'!+6H+6818!2'88'!0-9.H&+81'!'8!<518!3G+<%6'&'68!7'!3+!
puissance% américaine=! O'88'! ,-'..'! '08! H,+3'&'68! 3+! première% guerre% totale%
'-.59H'66'=!!
!
O5-.0!0-.!3+!>.'&1%.'!4-'..'!&5671+3'!'6!@!9+.81'0!)!3'!7H.5-3'&'68!7'!3+!,-'..'P!
3'0!&57+318H0!7'!3+!,-'..'!858+3'P!3'0!<153'62'0!7'!3+!,-'..'=!
1. Le*déroulement*de*la*guerre*
a. Les*causes*de*la*guerre*
!
Q'-:!+68+,5610&'0!&+R'-.0!F&+6-'3!9=!STIS"L!
o E6!"SUTP!3+!V.+62'!+!H8H!J+88-'!9+.!3+!>.-00'=!E33'!+!H8H!2568.+168'!7'!
9+W'.! C! X70! 7'! B.+620I5.! '8! 7'! 2H7'.! l’Alsace% et% la% Loraine=! Y6'!
9+.81'!7'!3+!959-3+8156!+091.'!N!3+!.'<+62$'=!!
o L’Autriche<HongrieP! E8+8! &-3816+8156+3! '8! B.+,13'P! 2$'.2$'! N!
0GH8'67.'! '6! 71.'28156! 7'! 3+! Serbie!'8! 7'0! 9500'001560! 7'! 3GE&91.'!
Z885&+6! 95-.! +<51.! +22%0! N! 3+! &'.! E,H'! '8! N! 3+! X'.! ;51.'=! X+10! 3+!
RussieP!K-1!+!+-001!7'0!<10H'0!0-.!3+!.H,156P!9.58%,'!3'0!0'.J'0=!!
Q'-:! alliances!F5BB'601<'0! '8! 7HB'601<'0L! 0'! 0568! 2560818-H'0!)! 3+! #.193'I
M331+62'! FM33'&+,6'P! M-8.12$'I[56,.1'P! \8+31'L! '8! 3+! #.193'IE68'68'!
F]5W+-&'IY61P!V.+62'P!]-001'L=!!
*'!(S!R-16!"D"AP!3G+.2$17-2!+-8.12$1'6!François<Ferdinand!'08!+00+0016H!N!
?+.+R'<5! F^5061'L! 9+.! -6! 0'.J'=! *GM-8.12$'I[56,.1'! 7H217'! 7G+88+K-'.! 3+!
?'.J1'! +<'2! 3'! 05-81'6! 7'! 3GM33'&+,6'=! *+! ]-001'! &5J1310'! +35.0! 056! +.&H'!
95-.!+17'.!3'0!0'.J'0!'8!85-0!3'0!E8+80!'68.'68!'6!,-'..'!95-.!.'09'28'.!3'0!
+331+62'0=!!
Q+60! 85-0! 3'0! 9+W0P! 2G'08! 3Gunion% sacrée!F752=! "! 9=! USL!)! 85-0! 3'0! 9+.810!
953181K-'0!05-81'66'68!3'-.!,5-<'.6'&'68!95-.!3+!7-.H'!7'!3+!,-'..'=!!
!
(!
b. Les*grandes*phases*de*la*guerre*
!
Q'-:!9$+0'0! 9.16219+3'0!)!7G+J5.7! -6'!,-'..'! 7'!&5-<'&'68P!9-10!-6'!,-'..'! 7'!
95018156!)!
*'0! H8+80I&+R5.0! 9.H<51'68! -6'! ,-'..'! 25-.8'! B567H'! 0-.! l’offensive%)! 56!
+88+K-'!<18'! 95-.!5J8'61.! 7'0!.H0-38+80! 0+60!0'! 05-21'.!7'0!9'.8'0=! OG'08!3+!
guerre% de% mouvement=! *'0! J'331,H.+680! 8'68'68! 7'! 9'.2'.! 3'0! B.5680!
+7<'.0'0! +-! 9.1:! 7'! 25&J+80! 8.%0! 25_8'-:! '6! <1'0! $-&+16'0! &+10! 3G'005.!
256017H.+J3'! 7'! 3G+.8133'.1'! 35-.7'! FK-1! 6G':108+18! 9+0! 35.0! 7'0! ,-'..'0!
9.H2H7'68'0L! 2$+6,'! 3+! 6+8-.'! 7'! 3+! ,-'..'!)! 3G+<+62H'! +33'&+67'! '08!
08599H'! N! 3G100-'! 7'! J+8+133'! 7'! 3+! X+.6'! FCID! 0'98'&J.'! "D"AL=! M! 3GE08P!
3GM33'&+,6'!J.10'!3G5BB'601<'!.-00'!N!#+66'6J'.,! F(`I(D!+5_8! "D"AL!a!<51.!
2+.8'=!E6!B+18P!+<'2!3'!9'.B'281566'&'68!7'!3G+.8133'.1'!&57'.6'P!3'0!&5W'60!
défensifs!3G'&95.8'68!0-.!3'0!2+9+218H0!5BB'601<'0=!!
M9.%0! 2'0! J+8+133'0! K-1! 08599'68! 3G'0951.! 7G-6'! ,-'..'! 25-.8'P! 3+! ,-'..'!
9.'67!-6'!+-8.'!B5.&'!)!la%guerre%de%position=!*'0!0537+80!0G'68'..'68!7+60!
7'0! 8.+62$H'0=! \30! 0568! '60-18'! .H,-31%.'&'68! '6<5WH0! +88+K-'.! 7'0!
8.+62$H'0! '66'&1'0=! O'0! +88+K-'0! 0568! &'-.8.1%.'0! '8! +00'b! 16-813'0!)! 3+!
J+8+133'!7'!c'.7-6P!<133'!K-'!3'0!+33'&+670!+88+K-'68!0+60!.'3d2$'P!7-.'!"T!
&510!F@TTeTTT!&5.80!'68.'!BH<.1'.!'8!7H2'&J.'!"D"`LP!8+6710!K-'!2'33'!7'!3+!
?5&&'P!+88+K-H'!9+.!3'0!B.+6f+10!'8!+6,3+10P!C!&510!F-6!&133156!7'!&5.80!7'0!
7'-:!258H0!'68.'!R-133'8!'8!65<'&J.'!"D"`L=!!
"D"U! &+.K-'! -6! 85-.6+68! 7+60! 3+! ,-'..'=! M9.%0! 3GH2$'2! 7'! 3G5BB'601<'! 718'! 7-!
chemin'des'dames!'6!+<.13P!-6'!9+.81'!7'0!0537+80!B.+6f+10!0'!mutinent=!*'!,H6H.+3!
>H8+16P! 1&95.8+68! 2$'B! &1318+1.'P! .H8+J318! 3+! 018-+8156! '6! B-0133+68! 3'0! &'6'-.0! FAD!
B-0133H0!0-.!93-0!7'!CTT!2567+&6H0LP!&+10!+-001!'6!+&H315.+68!3+!<1'!7'0!0537+80=!!
c. La*fin*de*la*guerre*
!
E6!BH<.1'.!"D"U!3+!9.'&1%.'!révolution%russe!.'6<'.0'!3'!#0+.!F'&9'.'-.L=!
*'! 65-<'+-! ,5-<'.6'&'68! 7H217'! 7'! 256816-'.! 3+! ,-'..'! &+10! '6! Z285J.'!
"D"UP!-6'!0'2567'!.H<53-8156!0'!9.57-18!'8!*H616'!7'<1'68!2$'B!7-!9+W0=!\3!
01,6'!3+!paix%avec%l’Allemagne!'6!X+.0!"D"S=!
X+10!3G'68.H'!'6!,-'..'!7'0!E8+80IY610!3'!`!+<.13!"D"U!F9.'&1%.'!9-100+62'!
H2565&1K-'! '8! 167-08.1'33'P! 7562! J1'6! +.&H0L! &571B1'! -6'! 65-<'33'! B510! 3'!
.+995.8! 7'! B5.2'! '8! '6! "D"S! 3+! guerre% de% mouvement!.'9.'67=! *'! ""!
65<'&J.'! "D"SP! 0-J&'.,H'! 9+.! 3+! 9-100+62'! +&H.12+16'P! 3GM33'&+,6'!
7'&+67'!-6!+.&10812'=!!
2. La*guerre*totale*
a. La*mobilisation*de*tous*
!
*G':9.'00156! 7'! g!guerre% totale%h! +99+.+i8! 7%0! 3GH95K-'! 7-! 256B318! 95-.!
01,61B1'.! 3+! mobilisation% de% l’ensemble% des% forces% productives% de% la%
nation% en% vue% de% la% victoire=! #5-0! 3'0! 2185W'60! 751<'68! 2568.1J-'.! N! 3+!
!
@!
<12851.'=! Q+60! 3'! &567'P! 70% millions! 7G$5&&'0! 0568! +99'3H0! 05-0! 3'0!
7.+9'+-:=!!
*'0! 9-100+62'0! 253561+3'0! B568! <'61.! 7'0! 25&J+88+680! 7'! 3'-.0! coloniesP!
&+10! +-001! 7'0! ouvriers!95-.! 8.+<+133'.! 7+60! 3'0! -016'0=! ^'+-25-9! 7'!
2$16510! 658+&&'68! 0568! +2$'&16H0! 95-.! .'&93+2'.! 3'0! 5-<.1'.0! 9+.810! +-!
B.568=!
*'0! femmes! '68.'68! 7+60! 3'! &+.2$H! 7-! 8.+<+13=! E33'0! .'&93+2'68! 3'0!
$5&&'0!N!3+!B'.&'!5-!<568!8.+<+133'.!7+60!3'0!-016'0!7G+.&'0!5j!3'0!0+3+1.'0!
0568!J+0!'8!3'0!2+7'62'0!H9-10+68'0=!!
b. Une*économie*de*guerre*
*+!,-'..'!0'! 9.5356,'+68P!3GH2565&1'!7518!0G+7+98'.=! *GE8+8!168'.<1'68!7+60!
l’économie!'8!7566'!3+!9.15.18H!N! 3+!,-'..'!)!3'0! -016'0!8.+<+133'68!7G+J5.7!
95-.!3G+.&H'P!8+6710!K-'!3'0!167-08.1'0!7'!25605&&+8156!0568!0+2.1B1H'0=!!
*'0! E8+80! s’endettent! '8! +-,&'68'68! 3'0! impôts!95-.! B16+62'.! 3'0!
59H.+81560!&1318+1.'0=!*'0!21<130!0568!+1601!2568.+1680!+-!.+81566'&'68=!>5-.!
+2$'8'.! 7'! 3+! 65-..18-.'! 5-! 7-! 2$+.J56P! 13! B+-8! +<51.! 7'0! 812k'80=! *'0!
pénuries! B568! &568'.! 3'0! 9.1:! F16B3+8156L! '8! 3'! &+.2$H! 651.! 0'! 7H<'3599'=!
>+.85-8P!3+!018-+8156!+31&'68+1.'!7'0!21<130!'8!0537+80!'08!9.H2+1.'=!!
c. Le*contrôle*des*esprits*
>+.85-8P! 3+! 31J'.8H! 7G':9.'00156! '08! B5.8'&'68! .H7-18'=! *+! 9.'00'! '08!
2568.l3H'!FcensureL=!*'0! R5-.6+-:!751<'68!2+2$'.! 3'0!&+-<+10'0!65-<'33'0!
F752=!"!9=!S(L!'8!16218'.!3+!959-3+8156!N!05-8'61.!3G'BB5.8!7'!,-'..'=!O'.8+16'0!
+BB1.&+81560! 0568! &m&'! +00'b! ,.58'0K-'0!)! 56! W! +BB1.&'! 0H.1'-0'&'68! K-'!
3'0!J+33'0!+33'&+67'0!8.+<'.0'68!3'0!25.90!B.+6f+10!0+60!2+-0'.!7'!J3'00-.'0=!
*+!95312'!2568.l3'!+-001!3'!25-..1'.!7'0!0537+80!F752=!A!9=!SCL!
*'0!E8+80!71BB-0'68!-6'!168'60'!9.59+,+67'!)!2$+K-'!9+W0!+BB1.&'!.H9567.'!
N! -6'! +,.'00156! '8! 9.H0'68'! 3G+7<'.0+1.'! 25&&'! -6! +,.'00'-.! J+.J+.'! '8!
0+6,-16+1.'=!!
M! 3GH253'P! 3'0! '6B+680! +-001! 0568! '67528.16H0!)! 3'0! 8$%&'0! 7'0! .H7+281560!
<+68'68! 3'! 0+2.1B12'! 7'0! 0537+80P! 3'0! &+,+0160! 7'! R5-'80! <'67'68! 7'0!
-61B5.&'0! '8! +.&'0! &161+8-.'0=! OG'08! N! 2'88'! H95K-'! K-G+99+.+i8!
3G':9.'00156!g!bourrage%de%crâne%h!F752=!C!9=!SCL!
3. Les*violences*de*la*guerre*
a. La*vie*dans*les*tranchées*
!
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X'.!7-!;5.7!N!3+!?-100'!F2+.8'!9=!STL=!*'0!0537+80!K-1!W!<1<'68!0568!+99'3H0!
7'0! g!poilus%h! F.-&'-.! K-'! 9+.2'! K-'! J+.J-0! &+10! 9+.+18! 93-8l8! K-'!
0W656W&'!7G$5&&'!<1.13!7HRN!+<+68!3+!,-'..'!'8!+<'2!&+0K-'0!N!,+bP!J+.J'!
9.5$1JH'L=!!
*'0!conditions% de% vie!7+60! 3'0!8.+62$H'0! 0568!H95-<+68+J3'0!)! 3'0!0537+80!
<1<'68!7+60!3'!B.517!'8!3+!J5-'P!+<'2!7'0!.+80P!7'0!95-:!'8!7'0!2+7+<.'0P!3'-.0!
2567181560!7G$W,1%6'!'8!7'!6-8.18156!0568!7H0+08.'-0'0=!!
!
A!
b. La*violence*des*combats*
!
*+! guerre% de% positions!'08! -6'! ,-'..'! B1,H'!)! 3'0! 2$'B0! &1318+1.'0! 3+62'68!
7'0!+88+K-'0!+<'2!3'!J-8P!3+!93-9+.8!7-!8'&90!-8591K-'P!7'!9'.2'.!3'0!31,6'0!
+7<'.0'0=! *'0! +88+K-'0! 25&&'62'68! 9+.! 7'0! 81.0! 7G+.8133'.1'! F5J-0P! J5-3'8P!
.5K-'88'P! &10013'L! 9-10! 3'0! B+68+00160! 751<'68! 05.81.! '8! 9.5,.'00'.! <'.0! 3+!
8.+62$H'! '66'&1'=! *'0! 9'.8'0! 0568! +35.0! 8'..1B1+68'0=! *'0! +88+K-+680! 0568!
B+-2$H0! 9+.! 7'0! &18.+133'-0'0P! ,.'6+7'0! '8! &5.81'.0=! *'0! H23+80! 7G5J-0!
9.5R'8H0!+-!&5&'68!7'!3'-.!':9350156!7H2$1.'68!3'0!25.90!'8!3'0!<10+,'0=!O'0!
0537+80!0568!+99'3H0!3'0!g!gueules%cassées!h!F752=!A!'8!C!9=!S@L!
*+! >.'&1%.'! 4-'..'! &5671+3'! 0'! 2+.+28H.10'! 9+.! 3G-0+,'! 7'! nouvelles%
armes!F,+bP! 3+62'IB3+&&'0P! 2$+.0P! J5&J+.7'&'680! +H.1'60L! &+10! +<'2! -6!
950181566'&'68! 7'0! 0537+80! 9.59.'0! +-:! +621'66'0! ,-'..'0! F7'-:! +.&H'0!
B+2'! N! B+2'LP! 2'! K-1! ':931K-'! 3+! g!J5-2$'.1'!h! K-G+! H8H! 2'88'! ,-'..'! F9'.8'0!
R5-.6+31%.'0! &5W'66'0! 7'! DTT! FV.+62'LI"@TT! FM33'&+,6'LI! "ACT! F]-001'L!
&5.80! '8! "APC! &1331560! 7'! &5.80! '8! 7109+.-0L=! *G-81310+8156! 7'! l’arme%
chimique!'08!-6!7'0!B+180!3'0!93-0!&+.K-+680!7-!256B318=!*'!g!,+b!&5-8+.7'!h!
9+.!':'&93'!+,18!0-.!3+!9'+-!'8!.'67!16'BB12+2'!3'0!&+0K-'0!N!,+b!F752=!@!9=!
SUL!
^'+-25-9! 7G$5&&'0! 9'.7'68! 3+! .+1056! 5-! 0'! 0-1217'68=! *'! .'B-0!
7G5JH100+62'P! 3'0! B.+8'.610+81560! '8! mutineries!0568! 0+6281566H0! 9+.! 3+!
9'16'! 7'! &5.8=! *'0! condamnés% à% morts! 95-.! 3G':'&93'! 0568! 65&J.'-:!)!
7+60!3'!0W08%&'!R-7121+1.'!7+60!3'0!b56'0!7'!25&J+8P!3G+99'3!6G':108'!9+0!61!
3'0!21.25608+62'0!+88H6-+68'0=!!
c. La*violence*contre*les*civils*
!
*'0! populations% civiles!0568! J1'6! 93-0! ':950H'0! K-'! 7+60! 3'0! 9.H2H7'680!
256B3180!)! 7+60! 3'0! .H,1560! K-G'33'! 522-9'! 3GM33'&+,6'! 3'0! 05-&'8! +-:!
.HK-10181560!'8!+-!travail%forcé=!!
*'! J352-0! 7'! 3+! X'.! 7-! ;5.7! 9+.! 3GE68'68'! 9.5<5K-'! -6'! famineP!
.'09560+J3'!7'!3+!&5.8!7'!9.%0!7G-6!7'&1I&133156!7'!21<130!+33'&+670=!!
Q+60!3GE&91.'!5885&+6P!3'!,5-<'.6'&'68!0G'08!85-R5-.0!&HB1H!7'!3+!&165.18H!
2$.H81'66'! arménienne=! \3! 3+! 05-9f566'! 7'! <5-351.! B+1.'! 0H2'00156! 95-.!
168H,.'.!3G'&91.'! .-00'=!Q'! 65&J.'-:!&+00+2.'0!7G+.&H61'60!+<+1'68! 7HRN!
'-!31'-!+-!/\/'!01%23'=!E6!"D"CP!N!3+!0-18'!7G-6'!0H.1'!7'!7HB+18'0!&1318+1.'0P!3'!
,5-<'.6'&'68! 8-.2! 7H217'! 7'! &+00+2.'.! 3'0! H318'0! +.&H61'66'0! '8! 7'!
7H95.8'.! <'.0! 3+! ?W.1'! 3'0! 959-3+81560! +.&H61'66'0=! >3-0! 7G-6! &133156! 7'!
9'.0566'0! 9H.100'68! 7+60! 2'0! &+.2$'0! 7'! 3+! &5.8=! Xm&'! 01! 3'! 8'.&'!
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3'!9.'&1'.!,H65217'!7-!//'!01%23'=!!
!
!
1 / 4 100%
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