Des cartes pour comprendre le monde

!
"!
Thème& 1!:" Clés" de" lectures" pour" un"
monde&complexe!
DES$CARTES$POUR$COMPRENDRE$LE$MONDE$
!
Introduction$:$
!
#$!%&'%($)*+,!,-.!/$!-0+,10,!23+!$!)'3(!'45,.!/$!6,-0(+).+'1!,.!/7,8)/+0$.+'1!6,!/7$-),0.!$0.3,/9!
1$.3(,/!,.!*3:$+19!6,!/$!-3(;$0,!6,!/$!<,((,=!>0.3,//,:,1.9!/$!%&'%($)*+,!,-.!63!:'16,!,-.!
.(?-!0':)/,8,9!,.!/,!0'10,).! 23+!),(:,.!/,!:+,38!6,!6&0(+(,! /@$-),0.!$0.3,/!63!:'16,!,-.!
0,/3+!6,!mondialisation=!
!
Question)1+2)A!B$+-!0,..,!0':)/,8+.&!63!:'16,!,-.!31,!1'3C,$3.&!D23,-.+'1-!"EFG=!>)(?-!/$!
H,0'16,!I3,((,!:'16+$/,9!/$!/,0.3(,!63!:'16,!&.$+.!(,/$.+C,:,1.!-+:)/,=!J$1-!/,!0$6(,!6,!
/$! %3,((,! ;('+6,9! ,//,! &.$+.! ;'16&,! -3(! 31,! /'%+23,! binaire!6,! blocs!'3! 6@ensembles$
géographiques$0'1.($-.&-9!-'3C,1.!'))'-&-=!K1!)'3C$+.!6+-.+1%3,(!A!
• J,-!4/'0-!6,!1$.3(,!idéologique!,.!géostratégique$A!(+C$/+.&!L-.EK3,-.!6,-!$11&,-!6,!
/$! I3,((,! M('+6,=! #,-! )$N-! 63! H369! 23+! 1@$))$(.+,111,1.! O! $3031! 6,-! 4/'0-! -'1.!
(,%('3)&-!-'3-!/@$)),//$.+'1!6,!<+,(-!B'16,=!
• J,-!,1-,:4/,-!%&'%($)*+23,-!6,!1$.3(,!économique$ ,.!géopolitique$A!)$N-!(+0*,-!
6&C,/'))&-!$3!P'(6!,.!)$N-!,1!6&C,/')),:,1.!63!H36=!!
!
Questions) 3+4)A! Q1,! 1'3C,//,! (,)(&-,1.$.+'1! 63! :'16,! -@+:)'-,! O! )$(.+(! 6,! /$! fin$ des$
années$ 19809! $C,0! /@,;;'16(,:,1.! 63! 4/'0! 0'::31+-.,! 6,! /@L-.=! J?-! /'(-9! /@économie$ se$
mondialise$ $C,0! /$! 0('+--$10,! 6,-! +1C,-.+--,:,1.-! O! /@&.($1%,(9! /@+1.,(1$.+'1$/+-$.+'1! 6,! /$!
)('630.+'1!,.!/@,--'(!6,-!&0*$1%,-=!!
#$!division$ NordJSud!6,C+,1.!/$!)(+10+)$/,!0/&! 6,! /,0.3(,!63! :'16,=!#@&0'1':+,!:'16+$/,!
%($C+.,! )(+10+)$/,:,1.! ,1.(,! .('+-! )R/,-! 23,!/@'1! 1'::,! /$! Triade$A! >:&(+23,! 63! P'(69!
L3('),!6,!/@K3,-.!,.!S$)'1TU'(&,!63!H36=!
!
Questions)5+6!A!<'3.,;'+-9!0,..,!6+C+-+'1!,-.!6,!:'+1-!,1!:'+1-!),(.+1,1.,!0$(!6,!1':4(,38!
)$N-!&:,(%,1.!$3!H36=!J,!1':4(,38!)$N-9!6+.-!émergents,!-,!-'1.!)'-&-!)('%(,--+C,:,1.!
,1! 0'103((,1.-! 6,! /@K00+6,1.=! U,-! )$N-! DU*+1,9! V(&-+/9! W16,9! >;(+23,! 63! H36G! -'1.! 6&5O! 6,-!
puissances$ régionales!,.! $-)+(,1.! O! 5'3,(! 31! rôle$ géopolitique$ )(+:'(6+$/! O! /@&0*,//,! 63!
:'16,=!
>+1-+! /,-! )(+10+)$38! )R/,-! 23+! -.(30.3(,1.! /@&0'1':+,! :'16+$/,! -'1.! 6,! )/3-! ,1! )/3-!
1':4(,38=!J?-!/'(-9!'1!)$(/,!6,!:'16,!polycentrique!'3!6@&0'1':+,!multipolaire.!
#,! :'16,! $0.3,/! ,-.! 6'10! 0':)/,8,! ,.! )'/N0,1.(+23,=! K1! 1,! ),3.! )/3-! /,! 6+C+-,(! ,1! FEX!
0$.&%'(+,-! 6,! )$N-=! #,-! 6&0'3)$%,-! -'1.! 6&-'(:$+-! :3/.+)/,-!A! )$N-! 6&C,/'))&-9! )$N-! ,1!
6&C,/')),:,1.9!)3+--$10,-!&:,(%,1.,-9!$+(,-!(&%+'1$/,-Y!
!
#,!:'16,!6,!0,!6&43.!6,!ZZW,!-+?0/,!,-.!31!monde$complexe=!#,-!0$(.,-!-'1.!31!'3.+/!3.+/,!
)'3(! /,! 0':)(,16(,9! :$+-! +/-! ;$3.! .'35'3(-! -$C'+(! /,-! +1.,()(&.,(! $C,0! 31! ,-)(+.! 0(+.+23,!
D-3(.'3.!6$1-!/,!0$6(,!6@31,!&.36,!6,!6'03:,1.!,1!,8$:,1!6,!4$0![G!
!
!

!
F!
\/$1!63!0'3(-!A!
W= K3.+/-!.,0*1+23,-!)'3(!$1$/N-,(!/,-!0$(.,-!
WW= ]3$.(,!0/&-!6,!/,0.3(,!63!:'16,!
!
I. Outils$techniques$pour$analyser$les$cartes$
!
Q1,!0$(.,!1@,-.!5$:$+-!31,!(,)(&-,1.$.+'1!,8$0.,!,.!;+6?/,!6,!/$!(&$/+.&=!>3!0'1.($+(,9!'1!/$!
0'1-.(3+.!)'3(!-+:)/+;+,(!,.!:+,38!0':)(,16(,!0,..,!(&$/+.&=!J3!0'3)9!.'3.,!0$(.,!(,;/?.,!/$!
C+-+'1!63!:'16,!6,!-'1!0(&$.,3(!O!.($C,(-!/,-!0*'+8!6,!(,)(&-,1.$.+'1-!23@+/!;$+.Y!L//,!1@,-.!
6'10!jamais$ neutre=!#,-!0*'+8!6,!(,)(&-,1.$.+'1!),3C,1.!^.(,!-+:)/,:,1.!pratiques9!:$+-!
+/-!),3C,1.!$3--+!C&*+03/,(!6,-!:,--$%,-!politiques=!W/!;$3.!6'10!-$C'+(!0(+.+23,(!,.!$1$/N-,(!
/,-!0$(.,-![!
!
_'+0+!31!0,(.$+1!1':4(,!6@'3.+/-!)'3(!$1$/N-,(!/,-!0$(.,-!A!
!
1) Le$choix$de$la$projection$
!
#$!<,((,!,-.!('16,=!J3!0'3)9!)'3(!/$!(,)(&-,1.,(!-3(!31,!-3(;$0,!)/$1,!D31,!0$(.,G9!'1!,-.!
'4/+%&-!6,!6&;'(:,(!,1!)$(.+,!/,-!6+-.$10,-!'3!/,-!;'(:,-!6,-!0'1.+1,1.-=!>+1-+9!31,!0$(.,!,-.!
31,!projection,$0@,-.EOE6+(,!31,!(,)(&-,1.$.+'1!O!)/$.!6@31,!)/$1?.,!('16,=!!
!
W/!,8+-.,!6+;;&(,1.-!modes$de$projection!6'1.!C'+0+!23,/23,-!,8,:)/,-$A!
• La$ projection$ de$ Mercator$A!0@,-.!/$!)('5,0.+'1!23,!1'3-!3.+/+-'1-!/,!)/3-=!L//,!&.+(,!
/,-!-3(;$0,-!63!%/'4,!-3(! /,-!diagonales=!J3!0'3)9!)/3-!/,-! -3(;$0,-!6,-!0'1.+1,1.-!
-@&/'+%1,1.!63!0,1.(,9!)/3-!,//,-!-'1.!6&;'(:&,-=!>+1-+9!/@>:&(+23,!63!H36!)$($`.!)/3-!
),.+.,!23,!/,!I(',1/$16!$/'(-!23@,//,!,-.!a8!)/3-!%($16,=!#@>;(+23,!$!/@$+(!.'3.,!),.+.,!
$/'(-!23@,//,!,-.!)/3-!%($16,!23,!/@W16,9!/$!U*+1,9!/,-!L.$.-EQ1+-9!/@L3('),!,.!/,!S$)'1!
(&31+-Y!L1!0'1-&23,10,9!0,..,!)('5,0.+'1!6'11,!/@+:)(,--+'1!23,!/,-!pays$ du$ Sud!
-'1.!plus$petits!23,!/,-!)$N-!63!P'(69!0'::,!-@+/-!$C$+,1.!:'+1-!6@+:)'(.$10,Y!
• La$projection$de$Peters$A!K1!)('5,..,!/$!:$)),:'16,!-3(!31!0N/+16(,!23+!/@,1%/'4,!
)3+-!'1!6&('3/,!/,!0N/+16(,=!U,..,!)('5,0.+'1!),(:,.!6,!)(,16(,!,1!0':).,!/$!taille$
réelle!6,-! 0'1.+1,1.-9! :$+-! /,-! 0'1.'3(-! 6,-! 0'1.+1,1.-! -'1.! 6&;'(:&-=! L//,! ,-.!
0'1-+6&(&,! 0'::,! :'+1-! b!)'/+.+23,:,1.! +10'((,0.,!c! 23,! /$! )('5,0.+'1! 6,!
B,(0$.'(!0$(!,//,!(,6'11,!/,3(!importance$$38$pays$du$Sud=!!
• La$projection$de$BuckminsterJFuller$A!U,..,!)('5,0.+'1!,-.!0,1.(&,!-3(!/,!)R/,!P'(6=!
J3!0'3)9!/,-!0'1.+1,1.-!'1.!/$!4'11,!.$+//,!:$+-!+/-!-'1.!4,$30'3)!.(')!&/'+%1&-!/,-!
31-! 6,-! $3.(,-9! /,-! distances!1,! -'1.! )$-! (,-),0.&,-=! \$(! $+//,3(-9! ,//,! 6'11,! )/3-!
6@+:)'(.$10,!$3!P'(6=!
• La$ projection$ azimutale$ équidistane$A!L//,!,-.!$3--+!0,1.(&,!-3(!/,!\R/,!P'(69!:$+-!
,//,!),(:,.!),(:,.!6,!(,)(&-,1.,(!/,-!6+-.$10,-!,.!0'1.'3(-!6,-!)$N-!63!P'(6!6,!
:$1+?(,! ,;;+0$0,=! \$(! 0'1.(,9! ,//,! 6&;'(:,! 0':)/?.,:,1.! /,-!)$N-! 63! H369! 23+! 63!
0'3)!-'1.!(,)(&-,1.&-!0'::,!:'+1-!+:)'(.$1.-=!!!
!
#,!0*'+8!6@3.+/+-,(!.,//,!'3!.,//,!)('5,0.+'1!1@,-.!6'10!pas$neutre$A!/$!)/3)$(.!6,-!)('5,0.+'1-!
3.+/+-&,-! 6'11,1.! 4,$30'3)! )/3-! 6@+:)'(.$10,! $3! P'(6! 23@$3! H36Y! #$! )('5,0.+'1! 6,!
B,(0$.'(9!23+!,-.!/$!)/3-!0'113,9!:,.!/@L3('),!$3!0,1.(,!,.!%('--+.!/$!.$+//,!6,!0,!0'1.+1,1.=!
U,/$!,-.!O!(,:,..(,!6$1-!/,!0'1.,8.,!6,!/$!0'/'1+-$.+'1=!\,16$1.!6,-!-+?0/,-9!/@L3('),!$!&.&!
)'/+.+23,:,1.!,.!&0'1':+23,:,1.!)/3-!)3+--$1.,9!$/'(-!,//,!$!6+;;3-&!31,!0$(.,!63!:'16,!
23+!/$!(,)(&-,1.,!0'::,!)/3-!%('--,9!-$1-!;'16,:,1.!%&'%($)*+23,=!
!

!
X!
2) Le$choix$du$centre$:$
!
U'::,!/$!<,((,!,-.!('16,9!+/!1@,8+-.,!)$-!6,!centre!63!:'16,=!\'3(!;$+(,!31,!0$(.,9!'1!6'+.!
6'10!0*'+-+(!23,//,!)$(.+,!63!:'16,!'1!:,.!$3!0,1.(,=!>!1'3C,$39!0,!0*'+8!1@,-.!)$-!1,3.(,=!
#$! )/3)$(.! 6,-! )('5,0.+'1-! 3.+/+-&,-! ,1! %&'%($)*+,! )/$0,1.! /@L3('),! '3! /,! P'(6! $3! 0,1.(,9!
0'::,!-@+/-!&.$+,1.!)/3-!+:)'(.$1.-=!
!
Attention)A! /,! 0*'+8! 6,! /$! )('5,0.+'1! '3! 63! 0,1.(,! ,-.! -'3C,1.! )'/+.+23,9! :$+-! +/! ),3.! $3--+!
^.(,! -+:)/,:,1.! pratique=! H+! /@'1! C,3.! )$(! ,8,:)/,! )$(/,(! 6,! /@+1;/3,10,! 6,! /$! 03/.3(,!
,3(')&,11,!-3(!/,!(,-.,!63!:'16,9!+/!,-.!/'%+23,!6,!)/$0,(!0,!0'1.+1,1.!$3!0,1.(,=!H+!'1!;$+.!
31,!0$(.,!6,-!;/38!&0'1':+23,-!,1.(,!)$N-!63!P'(69!+/!,-.!$3--+!/'%+23,!6,!)/$0,(!/,!P'(6!$3!
0,1.(,Y!
!
3) Le$type$de$carte$
!
_'+0+!23$.(,!.N),-!6,!0$(.,!O!0'11$`.(,!A!
• La$ carte$ descriptive$A! ,//,! (,)(&-,1.,! 6,-! )*&1':?1,-! -)$.+$38! D)(&-,10,! 6,!
)&.('/,9!d'1,!6,!)?0*,9!('3.,9!;'(^.9!,.0=G!
• La$carte$analytique$A!,//,!(,)(&-,1.,!6,-!-.$.+-.+23,-!D1':4(,!6@*$4+.$1.-9!\WVYG!
• La$carte$de$synthèse$A!31,!0$(.,!23+!0':)(,16!O!/$!;'+-!6,-!)*&1':?1,-!-)$.+$38!,.!
6,-!-.$.+-.+23,-=!
• La$ carte$ par$ anamorphose$A! 0@,-.! 31,! 0$(.,! 23+! 1,! (,-),0.,! )$-! /,-! -3(;$0,-! 6,-!
.,((+.'+(,-=! #$! .$+//,! 6,-! -3(;$0,-! 6&),16!63! )*&1':?1,! $1$/N-,=! L1! %&1&($/9! 31,!
0$(.,!)$(!$1$:'()*'-,!,-.!$3--+!31,!0$(.,!$1$/N.+23,=!!
!
4) Le$traitement$des$données$
!
#,! 0*'+8! 6,! /@indicateur9! 6,-! données9! 6,-! figurés!'3! ,10'(,! 6,-! couleurs!-'1.! $3.$1.!
6@'3.+/-!-3))/&:,1.$+(,-!O!$1$/N-,(=!#,!0$(.'%($)*,!/,-!0*'+-+.!0$(!+/!0*,(0*,!O!6+(,!23,/23,!
0*'-,!6,!)(&0+-!-3(!31!)*&1':?1,!DC'+(!,8,:)/,!-3(!/,!\'e,(\'+1.G=!
!
5) La$source$$
!
]3$16! '1! $1$/N-,! 31,! 0$(.,9! +/! ;$3.! &C+6,::,1.! .'35'3(-! )(,16(,! ,1! 0':).,! -$! -'3(0,!A!
auteur9! lieu!6,! )34/+0$.+'19! date9! provenance!6,-! 6'11&,-Y! U,/$! ),(:,.! 6,! -$+-+(! )/3-!
;$0+/,:,1.!/@'45,0.+;!)'/+.+23,!6,!/@$3.,3(=!
L1! %&1&($/9! /,-! 6'11&,-! /,-! )/3-! ;+$4/,-! )('C+,11,1.! 6,-! Organisations$ Internationales!
0'::,! /@KPQ! '3! /@KBH9! 23+! '1.! 6,-! 0,1.(,-! 6,! 6'11&,-! +:)'(.$1.-9! ,.! -'1.! 0'1-+6&(&-!
0'::,!1,3.(,=!\$(!0'1.(,9!-+!/@$3.,3(!6,!/$!0$(.,!,-.!31,!KPI!,1C+('11,:,1.$/,9!+/!,-.!)/3-!
)('4$4/,! 23,! /,! :,--$%,! C&*+03/&! -'+.! )/3-! 6+(,0.,:,1.! )'/+.+23,=!Q1,! 0$(.,! 6,! /$!
6&;'(,-.$.+'1!6$1-!/,!:'16,!-,($!0'1-.(3+.,!6,!:$1+?(,!O!choquer!/@')+1+'1=!J,!:^:,9!/,-!
L.$.-!0*,(0*,1.!-'3C,1.!O! ;$+(,! 6,! /$!propagande!$C,0!/,-! 0$(.,-=!Q1,! 0$(.,!6,! /$! I3,((,!
M('+6,!(3--,!-,($!;'(0&:,1.!;'(.!6+;;&(,1.,!6@31,!0$(.,!$:&(+0$+1,Y!
$
II. Quatre$clés$de$lecture$pour$comprendre$le$monde$
!
U'::,!1'3-!/@$C'1-!C39!/,!:'16,!6,!0,!6&43.!6,!ZZW,!-+?0/,!,-.!31!monde$complexe=!\'3(!
.,1.,(! 6@$))(&*,16,(! /$! :'16+$/+-$.+'19! +/! ,8+-.,!23$.(,! 0/&-! 6,! /,0.3(,$63! :'16,!
)(+10+)$/,-=!
• I&')'/+.+23,!!

!
f!
• I&'&0'1':+23,!
• I&'03/.3(,//,!
• I&',1C+('11,:,1.$/,!
Attention):)0,-!6+C,(-,-!/,0.3(,-!1,!-'1.!5$:$+-!.'.$/,:,1.!-&)$(&,-!/,-!31,-!6,-!$3.(,-9!/$!
03/.3(,! )$(! ,8,:)/,! $! 6,-! 0'1-&23,10,-! )'/+.+23,-9! &0'1':+23,-! ,1C+('11,:,1.$/,-Y!
J'10!+/!;$3.!-$C'+(!0('+-,(!0,-!/,0.3(,-=!
a. Des$cartes$géopolitiques$
!
#$!0/&!6,!/,0.3(,!%&')'/+.+23,!;$+.!/@$1$/N-,!.,((+.'(+$/,!6,-!rapports$de$force!,.!6,-!(+C$/+.&-!
,1.(,!6,-!$0.,3(-!DL.$.-9!%3&(+//$-9!K(%$1+-$.+'1-!W1.,(1$.+'1$/,-YG=!L//,!$1$/N-,!O!/$!;'+-!/$!
;'(0,! militaire!,.! diplomatique!6,-! $0.,3(-9! ,.! +6,1.+;+,! /,-! )(+10+)$/,-! )3+--$10,-!
+1.,(1$.+'1$/,-!A!
• #,-!)(+10+)$38!+16+0$.,3(-!6,!/$!;'(0,!:+/+.$+(,!-'1.!/,-!$(:&,-9!/,!436%,.!:+/+.$+(,9!
:$+-!$3--+!/,!.N),!6@$(:,!)'--&6&=! >+1-+9!/,-!)$N-!23+!)'--?6,1.!/@arme$ atomique$
-'1.!0'1-+6&(&-!0'::,!/,-!)/3-!)3+--$1.-!:+/+.$+(,:,1.=!
• \'3(!C'+(!/$!;'(0,!6+)/':$.+23,!6@31!)$N-9!'1!(,%$(6,!-+!+/!$!31,!)'-+.+'1!+:)'(.$1.,!
6$1-! /$! gouvernance$ mondiale!DIFg9! KPQ9! KBUYG!'3! -+! +/! )'--?6,! 4,$30'3)!
6@$:4$--$6,-!,.!6,!0'1-3/$.-=!
!
Carte$1$:$
Q1!L.$.!b!63!-,3+/!c!$!)($.+23,:,1.!$023+-!/$!0$)$0+.&!6,!;$4(+23,(!/$!4':4,!$.':+23,=!Q1!
L.$.!b!)('/+;&($1.!c!,-.!31!L.$.!23+!,--$N,!$35'3(67*3+!6,!-,!6'.,(!6,!/$!4':4,!$.':+23,=!
• ]3,//,! )3+--$10,! 6+-)'-,! 63! 436%,.! :+/+.$+(,! /,! )/3-! +:)'(.$1.h! L8,(0,E.E,//,! 31,!
)(&-,10,!:'16+$/,h!
• ]3,//,-!-'1.!/,-!)3+--$10,!130/&$+(,-!';;+0+,//,-!h!!
• ]3,//,-! ,-.! /$! )(+10+)$/,! '(%$1+-$.+'1! :+/+.$+(,! :,1.+'11&,!h! ]3$16! $E.E,//,! &.&!
0(&&,!h!]3,/-!)(+10+)$38!L.$.-!6':+1,1.!0,-!K(%$1+-$.+'1-!h!
• \'3(23'+!$E.E'1!3.+/+-&!0,..,!)('5,0.+'1!,.!0,!0,1.(,!h!D\'3(!:'1.(,(!/,!(R/,!:+/+.$+(,!
:'16+$/,!6,-!L.$.-EQ1+-G=!
!
Idées)clés):!!
#$!hiérarchie$des$puissances!$0.3,//,!,-.!31!*&(+.$%,!6,-!6,(1+?(,-!%3,((,-!:'16+$/,-9!:$+-!
,//,!.&:'+%1,!$3--+!6,-!(,0':)'-+.+'1-!O!/$!;'+-!)'/+.+23,-!,.!&0'1':+23,-!,1!0'3(-=!>+1-+9!
0,(.$+1-!)$N-! &:,(%,1.-! 0'::,! /$! U*+1,!'1.! 31,! )3+--$10,! )'/+.+23,!6,! )/3-! ,1! )/3-!
+:)'(.$1.,=! #,-! L.$.-EQ1+-! -'1.! .'35'3(-! /,! -,3/! L.$.! 23+! 6+-)'-,! 6,! .'3-! /,-! $..(+43.-!
%&')'/+.+23,-! 6,! /$! )3+--$10,! O! /@&0*,//,! :'16+$/,=! K1! 6+.! 6'10! 23,! 0@,-.! 31,!
superpuissance=!!
$
Carte$2$:$
• Ki!-,!.('3C,!/,!-+?%,!6,!/@KPQ!h!\'3(23'+!h!!
• ]3+!-'1.!/,-!:,:4(,-!!),(:$1,1.-!63!U'1-,+/!6,!-&03(+.&!6,!/@KPQ!h!\'3(23'+!0,38E
0+!,.!,1!23'+!0,/$!,-.E+/!(&C&/$.,3(!6,-!6&-&23+/+4(,-!)'/+.+23,-!:'16+$38!h!
• Ki!,-.E0,!23,!/@KPQ!+1.,(C+,1.!)(+10+)$/,:,1.!h!
!
Idée) clé):!#,-!:,:4(,-!63! Conseil$ de$ Sécurité$ de$ l’ONU!-'1.! )(+10+)$/,:,1.!6,-! )$N-! 63!
P'(6=!U,..,!-+.3$.+'1!/,-!6'.,!6@31!)'+6-!+:)'(.$1.!6$1-!/$!%&')'/+.+23,!:'16+$/,9!,//,!/,-!
6'.,!6,!)3+--$10,!0$(!0,!-'1.!)(+10+)$/,:,1.!,38!23+!C'1.!6&0+6,(!6@,1C'N,(!6,-!:+--+'1-!
6@+1.,(C,1.+'1! ,.! 6,! :$+1.+,1! 6,! )$+8! 6$1-! 6@$3.(,-! )$N-=! W/-!'1.! /$! 6'10! )'--+4+/+.&!
6@+1.,(C,1+(!-3(!/$!-+.3$.+'1!)'/+.+23,!6,-!$3.(,-!)$N-=!!
!

!
j!
Carte$3$:$
• ]3,/-!-'1.!/,-!)$N-!23+!$))$(.+,11,1.!$3!Ia!h!
• ]3,/-!)$N-!(,5'+%1,1.!/,!IFg!O!)$(.+(!6,!"kkk!h!]3,/-!-'1.!/,-!0(+.?(,-!)'3(!$6*&(,(!
$3!IFg!h!H'1.E+/-!&0'1':+23,-9!6&:'%($)*+23,-9!4$-&-!-3(!/$!.$+//,!63!.,((+.'+(,!'3!
%&')'/+.+23,-!h!
• L1! 23'+! /$! 0':)'-+.+'1! 63! IFg! ,-.E,//,! (,)(&-,1.$.+C,! 6,-! (,0':)'-+.+'1-!
%&')'/+.+23,-!,1!0'3(-!h!
!
Idées) clés)A! #,! IFg! ,.! /,! Ia9! 'i! -+?%,1.! .'3.,-! /,-! )(+10+)$/,-! )3+--$10,-! -'1.! )$(:+! /,-!
)(+10+)$38!/+,38!6,!:+-,!,1!)$0,!6@31,!gouvernance$économique$mondiale=!#,!IFg!(,;/?.,!
/,-!(,0':)'-+.+'1-!%&')'/+.+23,-!,1!0'3(-!0$(!+/!+10/3.!/,-!)(+10+)$38!)$N-!&:,(%,1.-=!
b. Des$cartes$géoculturelles$
!
#$!:'16+$/+-$.+'1!$!.('+-!+:)$0.-!)(+10+)$38!-3(!/,!6':$+1,!6,!/$!03/.3(,!A!
• #$! 0+(03/$.+'1! 0('+--$1.,! 6,-! &/&:,1.-! 03/.3(,/-! D/$1%3,-9! (,/+%+'1-9! :3-+23,-9!
/+..&($.3(,-9! :'6,-9! 03+-+1,-9! ,.0=G!)('C'23,! 31,! uniformisation$ 6,! /$! 03/.3(,=!
>3.(,:,1.!6+.9!/,-!03/.3(,-!-,($+,1.!6,!)/3-!,1!)/3-!-,:4/$4/,-9!6,!/$!:3-+23,!)')!
$3!B0J'1$/6=!
• U'::,!0,!-'1.!/,-!)$N-!'00+6,1.$38!23+!6':+1,1.!$0.3,//,:,1.!/$!:'16+$/+-$.+'19!
0,..,!31+;'(:+-$.+'1!,-.!$3--+!$)),/&,!occidentalisation9!6$1-!/,!-,1-!'i!.'3.,-!/,-!
03/.3(,-!6,C+,16($+,1.!),.+.!O!),.+.!31,!0')+,!6,!/$!03/.3(,!'00+6,1.$/,Y!
• J$1-! /,-! ;$+.-9! 4,$30'3)! 6,! 03/.3(,-! (&-+-.,1.! O! 0,..,! 31+;'(:+-$.+'1! ,1! :,..$1.!
53-.,:,1.! ,1! $C$1.! /,3(-! 6+;;&(,10,-=! J3! 0'3)9! )$($6'8$/,:,1.9! /$! :'16+$/+-$.+'1!
)('C'23,!$3--+!31,!diversification!03/.3(,//,=!
!
Carte$1$:$
• Ki! /,! ;''.4$//! ,-.E+/! 1&!h! L1! 23'+! 0,! /+,3! 6,! 1$+--$10,! ),(:,.E+/! 6@,8)/+23,(! /$!
6+;;3-+'1!:'16+$/,!6,!0,!-)'(.!h!
• L1!23'+!),3.E'1!6+(,!23,!/,!;''.4$//!,-.!31!-)'(.!:'16+$/!h!
• ]3,/!,-.!/,!.N),!6,!0$(.,!h!]3,/!+16+0$.,3(!/$!0$(.,!3.+/+-,E.E,//,!h!U,.!+16+0$.,3(!,-.E+/!
),(.+1,1.!)'3(!53%,(!6,!/$!6+;;3-+'1!63!;''.4$//!6$1-!/,-!)$N-!)$3C(,-!h!
!
Idée) clé):!#$! 6+;;3-+'1! )/$1&.$+(,! 63! ;''.4$//! .&:'+%1,! 6,! /@31+;'(:+-$.+'1! 03/.3(,//,! 6,! /$!
)/$1?.,=! L//,! :'1.(,! $3--+! 23,! 0,..,! 31+;'(:+-$.+'1! -,! ;$+.! 6$1-! /,! -,1-! 6@31,!
occidentalisation!6,!/$!)/$1?.,=!!!
!
Carte$2$:$
• ]3,//,-!-'1.!/,-!)(+10+)$/,-!(,/+%+'1-!h!!
• ]3,//,!&%/+-,!0'11$`.!31,!;'(.,!,8)$1-+'1!:'16+$/,!h!J$1-!23,//,-!(&%+'1-!-@&.,16E.E
,//,!-3(.'3.!h!!
• #,-! +16+0$.,3(-! 3.+/+-&-! ),(:,..,1.E+/-! 6,! -$+-+(! /,-! &C'/3.+'1-! 6,! /$! 6+C,(-+.&!
(,/+%+,3-,!6$1-!/,!:'16,!h!
!
Idée) clé)A! #$! (,/+%+'1! ,-.! 31! 4'1! ,8,:)/,! )'3(! C'+(! 0'::,1.! /@31+;'(:+-$.+'19! /$!
6+C,(-+;+0$.+'1! ,.! /@'00+6,1.$/+-$.+'1! ')?(,1.! simultanément!6$1-! /$! :'16+$/+-$.+'1=! #$!
:'16+$/+-$.+'1!;$+.!23@+/!N!$!6,!)/3-!,1!)/3-!6,!(,/+%+'1-!)$(.'3.!6$1-!/,!:'16,=!B^:,!6$1-!
/,-!L.$.-!'00+6,1.$38!23+!-'1.!6,!)/3-!,1!)/3-!$.*&,-9!/$!6+C,(-+;+0$.+'1!(,/+%+,3-,!$3%:,1.,=!
B$+-! /,! 0$.*'/+0+-:,! .(?-! (&)$163!$3! H36! .&:'+%1,! 6,! /@'00+6,1.$/+-$.+'1! *+-.'(+23,! 63!
:'16,9! .$16+-! 23,! /$! )'3--&,! 6,-! L%/+-,-! &C$1%&/+23,-! 6&:'1.(,! 23,! 0,..,!
'00+6,1.$/+-$.+'1!0'1.+13,!O!')&(,(=!!