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Introduction
de l’idÉe à l’acTion
(9 K;A=F;= Kl=>>GJ;= <lAFLJG<MAJ= <9FK D9 EMDLAHD= <AN=JKALX
<=K9HH9J=F;=KLGML=DlMFALXHGKKA:D=ADDMAAEHGJL=<=LJGMN=J
H9JLGMLG^=DD=GHYJ=MFH@XFGEYF=IMADMAK=JN=<=;GEEMF=
E=KMJ= U :=9M;GMH <l9MLJ=K AFKA D9 H@QKAIM= 9 HM >9AJ= <M
EGMN=E=FL KGMK Dl=KHY;= <=K NA:J9LAGFK FGF K=MD=E=FL D9
;GEEMF=E=KMJ=<=;=K<AN=JK=KIM9DALXKIM=KGFLD=K;GMD=MJK
<M HJAKE= E9AK =F;GJ= D9 ;GEEMF= E=KMJ= <= H@XFGEYF=K
9MKKA<AKH9J9L=KIM=D=KGFD9DMEAYJ=D=KGF<=K<MK9FK>AD(9
<XL=JEAF9LAGF <= ;=LL= ;GEEMF= E=KMJ= <= ;= phénomène
étalon, =KLMF=XL9H==KK=FLA=DD=<9FKD=<XN=DGHH=E=FL<lMF=
K;A=F;=MKKA:A=FFl9L=DD=HGMJ9;;GMLMEX<l9:GMLAJIMl9HJYK
E9AFLK LVLGFF=E=FLK =L DlGF K= KGMNA=FL H9J =P=EHD= <=K
cXDXE=FLK d<=KH@QKAIM=K9F;A=FF=K
!F GMLJ= AD Q 9 <9FK ;= ;@GAP MF= H9JL <= ;GFN=FLAGF  AD
AEHGJL=K=MD=E=FL<=Kl9JJZL=JUD9;GFN=FLAGFD9HDMKGHHGJLMF=
GM ;GEE= =MKK=FL <AL D=K HJ9?E9LAKL=K D9 HDMK c ;GEEG<= d
)9AKADK=H=ML>GJL:A=FIMl9N=;D=HJG?JYK<=K;GFF9AKK9F;=K<=
FGMN=9MPXL9DGFKUMFEGE=FL<GFFX<=NA=FF=FLHDMKGHHGJ
LMFKIM=;=MPIMA9N9A=FL>9ALD=MJKHJ=MN=KBMKIM=DU
+J D9 HKQ;@GDG?A= =DD= 9MKKA 9 :=KGAF <lMF H@XFGEYF=
XL9DGF(9J=;@=J;@=<=;=DMA;A=KLH9KKX=9M;GMJK<=K<=JFA=JK
KAY;D=KH9JHDMKA=MJKXL9H=K
=K;9JL=KHJGHGK=;GEE=XL9DGFDlidée ;D9AJ==L<AKLAF;L==L
D=K 9MLJ=K H@XFGEYF=K KGAL EGAFK AFL=DD=;LM=DK KGAL EGAFK
;D9AJKIMAH=MN=FLH=MHD=J=L9?AL=JMF=VE=<GAN=FL<YKDGJKK=
J=;GFKLALM=J =F L=JE=K <lA<X=K AFKA D=K K=FLAE=FLK F= K=JGFL
L'âmelaction:L'âmelaction.qxp 22/10/2012 17:59 Page 7

IM= <=K A<X=K ;GF>MK=K  D=K >9A:D=KK=K =L D=K =JJ=MJK <= FGLJ=
NGDGFLXF=K=JGFL<M=KIMlUDlAF>AJEALX<=FGLJ==FL=F<=E=FL
MKAY;D=KMAN9FLMFGF<ADD9;HJGHGK=MFLGML9MLJ=XL9DGF
IMA=KLD9sensation/9KL9LM=AE9?AF9AJ=KlXN=ADD=UD9NA=<9FK
MF= K=MD= c G<=MJ <= JGK= d (9 K=FK9LAGF <=NA=FL MF= KGJL=
<l9LGE=<GFLD=K;GE:AF9AKGFK<AN=JK=KHJG<MAJGFLD9H=FKX==L
LGMKD=KH@XFGEYF=K<=Dl=KHJAL=HGAFL<=NM=<GEAF=LGML=K
D=KHKQ;@GDG?A=KK=FKM9DAKL=K=L9KKG;A9LAGFFAKL=K
(lGHHGKALAGF<=K<=MP?J9F<K;GMJ9FLK<=D9HKQ;@GDG?A=;D9K
KAIM=J9LAGF9DAKE==L=EHAJAKE=F=HGMJJ9AL=DD=H9K=FKGEE=
K=J9E=F=JUMF=<AN=J?=F;=<9FKD=;@GAP<=DlXL9DGFIMA=KL
DlA<X=<9FKD=HJ=EA=J;9KD9K=FK9LAGF<9FKD=K=;GF<
)9AK=FKGEE=KFGMKJX<MALKU;=LL=9DL=JF9LAN=
fD9NXJALXAD=KLJ=E9JIM9:D=IM=J9LAGF9DAKE==L=EHAJAKE=
KM:AJ=FLLGMK<=MP<9FKD=K<=MP<=JFA=JKKAY;D=KMF=XNGDMLAGF
9F9DG?M= =L IMA HGMJJ9AL :A=F D=MJ EXF9?=J MF 9;;GJ< =F D=K
9E=F9FLDlMF=LDl9MLJ=UKl9JJZL=JUMFFGMN=DXL9DGF
(=H9K<X;AKA><9FKDlXNGDMLAGF<MJ9LAGF9DAKE=>ML9;;GEHDA
H9J'9FL9N=;Dl9HH=DUD9raison pratique ;GEE=UMF=<=JFAYJ=
AFKL9F;=HDMK<X;AKAN=IM=D9J9AKGFEZE==D9J=N=F9ALUHD9;=J
D9NGDGFLXUD9J9;AF=<=K;@GK=K=L;l=KL:A=FDUDlA<X=IMAU
LJ9N=JKD=KKM;;=KK=MJKAEEX<A9LK <='9FLNA=F<J9KlXH9FGMAJ
<9FK D9 H@ADGKGH@A= <lMF /;@GH=F@9M=J =L BMKIM= <9FK D9
<G;LJAF=<lMF/=;JXL9FGM<9FKD=>AF9DAKE=<lMF(9;@=DA=J
9FKD=EZE=L=EHKMF=9MLJ=<AJ=;LAGF<=D9H=FKX=H@ADG
KGH@AIM= K= <XLGMJF= <M J9LAGF9DAKE= K9FK HGMJL9FL J=BGAF<J=
Dl=EHAJAKE=>J9F;;9J=DD=Kl9LL9;@=HDML]LIMl9MP<GFFX=K<=K
K=FKU;=DD=K<MK=FKAFLAE=+JD=KH@ADGKGH@=K<=;=LL=DA?FX=
9:GMLAKK=FL<=D=MJ;]LXUHD9;=JUD9:9K=<=D9;GFK;A=F;=<=K
XDXE=FLK<l9;LANALXl=KL)9AF=<=AJ9FIMA9HHMA=D9;GFK;A=F;=
KMJDleffort ;l=KLHDMKHJYK<=FGMK=J?KGFIMAD9<XJAN=<=
Dlélan vital
-M=KAFGMKFGMKLGMJFGFKN=JKD=HMJ=EHAJAKE=<GFLD=HJAF
;AH=;9J<AF9DXL9AL=F<=JFAYJ=9F9DQK=MF=E9FAYJ=<lc 9LGEAKE= d
HKQ;@GDG?AIM= FGMK D= NGQGFK EG<A>A=J KAF?MDAYJ=E=FL D=K
;9J9;LYJ=K<=KGFc9LGE=dHJYKD=KHJG?JYK<=D9:AGDG?A=
9HJYKD9L@XGJA=<=DlXNGDMLAGFAD<=N=F9AL<A>>A;AD==F=>>=L<=
;GFKA<XJ=JD9K=FK9LAGF;GEE=MFH@XFGEYF=cXDXE=FL9AJ=d
/ADlGF<=K;=F<DlX;@=DD=<=KZLJ=KBMKIMl9MPGJ?9FAKE=KD=KHDMK
KAEHD=KGFF=LJGMN=HDMK<lGJ?9F=K<=KK=FKE9AKGF;GFKL9L=
(lm)! !0 (l0%+*
L'âmelaction:L'âmelaction.qxp 22/10/2012 17:59 Page 8

<=K c LJGHAKE=K d <=K JX9;LAGFK EGLJA;=K <XL=JEAFX=K U <=K
=P;AL9LAGFK <X>AFA=K (lGF K= <=E9F<= 9DGJK KA D9 1@ "3(.-
,.31("$ F=K=J9ALH9K;@GK= H9JLA;MDAYJ=E=FLKAEHD= =LKAD9 c
JXHGFK=dAFKLAF;LAN=LJYKHJG;@==DD=EZE=<MJX>D=P=F=K=J9AL
H9KMFcXDXE=FLdHDMK>GF<9E=FL9D=F;GJ=IM=D9K=FK9LAGF
0GML=D9c HKQ;@GDG?A=K;A=FLA>AIM=dEG<=JF=IMA=FL9FLIM=
K;A=FLA>AIM=XL9ALL=FM=<=?9J<=J<MEGAFK;GEE=EXL@G<=D=
HGAFL<=NM= c 9LGEAKL= d <= Dl=EHAJAKE= 9 ;=KKX FX9FEGAFK
<lZLJ=MF=EHAJAKE=KADlGF<X>AFAL;=DMA;A;GEE=>GF<XKMJD9
K=FK9LAGF  =DD=K=>GF<=KMJD=K9;LAGFKGMJX9;LAGFK<=DlZLJ=(=
:X@9NAGJAKE=9EXJA;9AF39LKGF9JX;=EE=FLHGMKKX;=LL=9LLA
LM<=BMKIMlUDl=PLJZE==FJX<MAK9FLD9HKQ;@GDG?A=UDlXLM<=<=K
K=MD=KJX9;LAGFK=PLXJA=MJ=E=FLG:K=JN9:D=K
=JL=KFGMK F= FGMK <AKKAEMDGFK H9K IM= D=K<AJ=;LAGFK <=
H=FKX=J=HJXK=FLX=KF9?MYJ=H9JD=J9LAGF9DAKE==LDl=EHAJAKE=
;D9KKAIM=KKM:KAKL=FL=L<=E=MJ=FL<AN=J?=FL=KH=MLZLJ=Kl9?AL
AD<=<=MPL=EHXJ9E=FLK<l=KHJALAJJX<M;LA:D=K)9AKAD=KLAFLX
J=KK9FL<=D=KNGAJ;GFN=J?=J9MEGAFK=F;=;AIMA=KL=KK=FLA=D 
;l=KL IM= LGML=K <=MP 9:GMLAKK=FL 9MBGMJ<l@MA 9M ;@GAP <lMF
XL9DGFIMA=KL<=DlGJ<J=<=Dl "3(5(3@+FHGMJJ9AL<AJ=IM=<9FK
D=K <=MP <=JFA=JK KAY;D=K =FLJ= D=K 9LLALM<=K LJ9<ALAGFF=DD=K <M
J9LAGF9DAKE==L<=Dl=EHAJAKE=Kl=KLH=MUH=M<=KKAFX=MF=9LLA
LM<=FGMN=DD=MF "3(5(2,$ KADlGFFGMKH9KK=;=L=JE=IMAKlAD
HJ=F9ALMF=HD=AF=;GFK;A=F;=<=DMAEZE=>AFAJ9ALH=MLZLJ=H9J
KA?FA>A=JMF9;;GJ<<=K<=MP9MLJ=KHGAFLK<=NM=
!LKADlGFLJ9FKHGK=D=<X:9LKMJMF9MLJ=HD9F=F<=E9F<9FL
IM=D=KLDl.!)$3 <=D9HKQ;@GDG?A=GFHGMJJ9<AJ=IM=HGMJD=
J9LAGF9DAKE=D9HKQ;@GDG?A=XL9ALD9K;A=F;=<=DlcVE=dIM=
HGMJDl=EHAJAKE==DD=>MLD9K;A=F;=<=KcXL9LK<=;GFK;A=F;=d
E9AKIMl9MBGMJ<l@MA=DD=L=F<U<=N=FAJD92"($-"$#$+M "3(.-
f:A=FHJ=F<J=;=Lc9;LANAKE=d=KL<XBUAEHDA;AL=E=FL;GFL=FM
<YKD=42%%=KAY;D=<9FKD=<QF9EAKE=<=(=A:FAR;=LXLGFF9FL
HJX;MJK=MJIM=FGMKJ=LJGMNGFKUDl=FLJX=<=LGML=KD=K9N=FM=K<=
FGLJ=HKQ;@GDG?A=EG<=JF=)9AKADF=>9DD9ALH9KEGAFK<=<=MP
KAY;D=K<=JX>D=PAGFK=L<=J=;@=J;@=KHGMJ=PHDA;AL=JHD=AF=E=FL
D=KHMAKK9F;=K<=;=LL=JA;@=H=FKX=EXL9H@QKAIM==LJ=H9JLAJUK9
J=F;GFLJ=KMJ<AN=JKHGAFLKH9J<=KNGA=KHDMK;GF;JYL=K
-31.#4"3(.-
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l=KL9N=;.A:GLK=E:D=LADIM=D9HKQ;@GDG?A=HJALHGMJD9
HJ=EAYJ= >GAK MF= ;D9AJ= ;GFK;A=F;= <= ;=LL= FGMN=DD= GJA=FL9
LAGF+FF=K9MJ9ALLJGHKGMDA?F=JDlAEHGJL9F;=<=;=EGE=FL=L
D=EXJAL=<=.A:GLIMAKML>GF<=JD9HKQ;@GDG?A=KMJD93$-# -"$
;l=KLU<AJ= KMJ D9 <AKHGKALAGF <= DlZLJ= U ;=JL9AFK 9;L=K <XL=J
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