!"#$%&'#(")%")%*#%&+,-./*/('"%01%0"2"*/&&"3"$)%-/($')'4%5''6%
*#%&+,-./*/('"%&'#(")'"$$"%01%0"2"*/&&"3"$)%7%
8"9%#&"9:1%0;"$+"3<*"%
'=>?@ABC>D@=%
!"##$%"&%'()%')*++,%$&-$&./$%'"/+%.$%')%0/$#*1/$%'$2"&%.$%3$%3"4/+5%)6)&-%#7#$%84$%
9*):$-% .,#)//$% +)% 3)//*1/$% .$% 0+;3<"'":4$5% *'% )6)*-% $+84*++,5% .)&+% +"&% /"#)&%
)4-"=*":/)0<*84$%!"#$"%#$"%>%/,.*:,%$&% >?>@A>B5% 4&$% -<,"/*$% .$% ')% /)*+"&%<4#)*&$% $&%
C*'*)-*"&%0'4+%"4%#"*&+%.*/$3-$%)6$3%'$+%-/"*+%:/)&.$+%84$+-*"&+%+"4'$6,$+%0)/%D)&-%E%84$%
0"46"&+A&"4+% +)6"*/%F% 84$% .$6"&+A&"4+% C)*/$%F% 84$% 0"46"&+A&"4+% $+0,/$/%F% G"/+84$5%
)0/1+% )6"*/% .,3*.,% .$% +(,3)/-$/%.$% ')% 6"*$% +0,34')-*6$5% *'% +$% C$/)% 0+;3<"'":4$% 0"4/%
3"&-/*=4$/% H% .,6$'"00$/% +3*$&-*C*84$#$&-% .$+% /,0"&+$+% )4I% .$4I% 0/$#*1/$+% 84$+-*"&+%
/$3"&+*.,/,$+% H% ')% '4#*1/$% .$+% .,#)/3<$+% .$% ')% =*"'":*$% .$% '(,6"'4-*"&5% 3($+-% -"4-%
&)-4/$''$#$&-% 84(*'% #$--/)% $&% 0')3$% .$+% /$3<$/3<$+% +4/% '$% .,6$'"00$#$&-% 3":&*-*C% $-5%
+$3"&.)*/$#$&-5%+4/%'$%.,6$'"00$#$&-%#"/)'%.$%'($&C)&-J%K%L)*+5%H%+4*6/$%+)%C"/#)-*"&%$&%
0+;3<"'":*$5% &"4+% )6"&+% .,MH% 04% &"4+% $&-/$6"*/% 84(*'% )6)*-% 4&% *&-,/7-% #)/84,% 0"4/% ')%
0+;3<)&)';+$%$-%')%0+;3<"'":*$%.$%'()CC$3-*6*-,5%*&-,/7-%84*%0$/+*+-$/)%.4/)&-%-"4-$%+)%6*$J%
N4)&-% =*$&% #7#$% *'% &$% /,)'*+$/)% $-% &$% 3"&.4*/)% )434&$% /$3<$/3<$% $#0*/*84$% .)&+% 3$%
."#)*&$5%*'%;%.,6$'"00$/)%-"4-$%4&$%+,/*$%.$%/,C'$I*"&+%$-%.($I)#$&+%-<,"/*84$+%.)&+%'$%
."4='$%=4-%>O%.$%3')/*C*$/%'$+%&"-*"&+%0+;3<"'":*84$%$&%M$4%P&"-*"&+%.$%=$+"*&5%.(*&-,/7-5%
.$% .,+*/5% .$% 6)'$4/5% .$% +$&-*#$&-5% "4% $&3"/$% .$% +4/#"*5% .$% 3"#0'$I$5% .$% /$C"4'$#$&-5%
$-3JQ5% $-% KO%.($+84*++$/% 4&$% +;&-<1+$% -<,"/*84$% $&-/$% 3$% 84$% '("&% +)*-% .(4&% 3R-,% +4/% '$%
.,6$'"00$#$&-%3":&*-*C%P$-%#"/)'Q%.$%'($&C)&-%$-%.$%'()4-/$%+4/%'$%.,6$'"00$#$&-%.$%+"&%
)CC$3-*6*-,J%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
>%S)&+%3$%84*%$+-%+"&%0/$#*$/%'*6/$5%9*):$-%.,3/*-%'$%0)/3"4/+%*&-$''$3-4$'%.(4&%)."'$+3$&-%84*5%)0/1+%)6"*/%
0/*+%4&$%')/:$%3"&&)*++)&3$%.$+%0<*'"+"0<*$+%$-%.$+%/$'*:*"&+%.$%+"&%-$#0+5%04*+%)6"*/%-/)6$/+,%4&$%3/*+$%
'*,$%)4%=$+"*&%.$%3/"*/$%#)*+%)4++*%.$%+($&:):$/%.)&+%'$+%-/)&+C"/#)-*"&+%<4#)*&$+%$-%+"3*)'$+5%.,3*.$%.$%
3"&+)3/$/% +)% 6*$% H% ')% +3*$&3$% $-% ,=)43<$5% $&% +$% =)+)&-% +4/% +)% ')/:$% 3"&&)*++)&3$% .$+% +3*$&3$+% $-% .$+%
0<*'"+"0<*$+5% 4&$% 3"&3$0-*"&% -<,"/*84$% C"&.,$% +4/% 4&$% &"-*"&% .$% 6*$% =*"'":*84$% $-% +"3*)'$5% #)*+% )4++*%
*&-$''$3-4$''$% $-% #"/)'$5% 3"&3$0-*"&% )0-$% &"&% +$4'$#$&-% H% /$&./$% 3"#0-$% .$% '(,6"'4-*"&% =*"'":*84$5%
+"3*"'":*84$5%*&-$''$3-4$''$%$-%#"/)'$5%#)*+%H%/,6,'$/%'$%3)/)3-1/$%&"/#,%P"4%T%"/-<":,&,-*84$%U%3"##$%*'%
'(,3/*/)%0'4+%-)/.Q%.$%3$--$%,6"'4-*"&J%9'4+%-)/.5%3$--$%0/$#*1/$%,=)43<$%.$%-<,"/*$%.$%'(,6"'4-*"&%0/$&./)%
.$+% C"/#$+% 0'4+% 0/,3*+$+% $-% 0'4+% +-/*3-$#$&-% '*#*-,$+% )4I% +$4'+% "=M$-+% ."&-% 9*):$-% $&-/$0/$&./)% '(,-4.$%
+3*$&-*C*84$% )&&"&3,$% .)&+% !"#$"%#$"5% H% +)6"*/% '(,6"'4-*"&% .$+% $+013$+% =*"'":*84$+% $-% .$+% +-/43-4/$+%
*&-$''$3-4$''$+%$-%#"/)'$+QJ%
K%G)% 6*+,$% 0/$#*1/$% .$% 9*):$-% );)&-% ,-,% .$% .,6$'"00$/% 4&$% ,0*+-,#"'":*$% /$0"+)&-% +4/% ')% 0+;3<"'":*$%
:,&,-*84$5%3$%&($+-%84$%.$%#)&*1/$%+$3"&.)*/$%84(*'%/,$I)#*&$/)5%4&$%.*V)*&$%.()&&,$+%)0/1+%!"#$"%#$"5%')%
84$+-*"&%.$+%C"&.$#$&-+%&)-4/$'+%.$%')%/)*+"&%0/)-*84$5%$&%/,)'*+)&-%.$+%$&847-$+%+4/%'$%.,6$'"00$#$&-%
.4%M4:$#$&-%#"/)'%3<$V%'($&C)&-%84*%)="4-*/"&-%$&%>?WK%H%+"&%"46/):$%+4/%&"'()*"+",-'+.%/0'#$"1'02",3/,-J%
!XYZ[%S\%]\Y!^_`\G5%K\%G\aX]%b%c\_]%9d_e\`%E%G\[%[`_S\[%e\]\Z_Yf%SY%S\g\GX99\L\]`%
K>h>Kh>>%i%>BEjk%
K%
_6)&-% .$% 0/,+$&-$/% 4&$% /,+4#,% .$% 3$% ."4='$% -/)6)*'% .$% 3')/*C*3)-*"&% $-% .$% +;&-<1+$5%
3"##$&2"&+%0)/%$I)#*&$/%'$+%.$4I%/)*+"&+%0"4/%'$+84$''$+% 9*):$-% &()% M)#)*+% 3$++,% .$%
+(*&-,/$++$/% H% '()CC$3-*6*-,5% )'"/+% #7#$% 84$% +"&% "=M$-% 3$&-/)'% .$% /$3<$/3<$5% $&% -)&-% 84$%
0+;3<"'":4$5%,-)*-%')%.*#$&+*"&%3":&*-*6$%.$%'()3-*6*-,%<4#)*&$%WJ%
G)%4%"+56%"'7"'#"8'%/58.,8%-*$&-%H%+)%C"/#)-*"&%#7#$%$&%0+;3<"'":*$J%G($&+$*:&$#$&-%
84*%)%*&-,/$++,%)6)&-%-"4-%9*):$-%.)&+%3$%."#)*&$%'"/+%.$%+"&%+,M"4/%H%9)/*+5%"4%$&%-"4-%
3)+% 3$'4*% 84*% )% $4% '$% 0'4+% .(*#0)3-% +4/% +$+% 0/"0/$+% -/)6)4I% $+-% 3$'4*% .$% 9*$//$% c)&$-%
P>lk?A>?mBQ5%0<*'"+"0<$5%0+;3<*)-/$%$-%0/"C$++$4/%.$%0+;3<"'":*$%)4%!"''1:$%.$%n/)&3$J%
X/%')%0+;3<"'":*$%.$%c)&$-%$+-%$''$A#7#$%4&$%0+;3<"'":*$%:,&,-*84$%*9,9%/0"'84*%3"46/$%
'($&+$#='$% .$+% )3-*"&+% "4% .$+% 3"&.4*-$+% )&*#)'$+% $-% <4#)*&$+5% .)&+% '$4/+% .*#$&+*"&+%
&"&% +$4'$#$&-% #"-/*3$+% $-% 3":&*-*6$+5% #)*+% ,:)'$#$&-% )CC$3-*6$+% $-% +"3*)'$+J% G"/+84$%
9*):$-%+4*6)*-%'($&+$*:&$#$&-%.$%c)&$-%H%9)/*+5%$&%>?>?A>?Kj5%3$'4*A3*%$&%,-)*-%)//*6,%H%+$%
C)*/$% 4&$% +"/-$% .$% /$0/,+$&-)-*"&% <*,/)/3<*84$% .$+% 3"#0"/-$#$&-+% "4% 3"&.4*-$+%
0+;3<"'":*84$+m%84*% +$/6)*-% .$% C*'% 3"&.43-$4/% H% -"4+% +$+% 3"4/+5% 4&% -)='$)4% ."&-% *'%
/$#)&*)*-% '$% 3"&-$&4% +$'"&% ')% 0/":/$++*"&% .$% +)% 3"&3$0-*"&% :,&,/)'$% .$% ')% :$&1+$% .$+%
3"&.4*-$+% "4% .$% '$4/% .$:/,% 3/"*++)&-% .$% 3"#0'$I*-,J% g"*'H% 4&% $I$#0'$% .4% -;0$% .$%
<*,/)/3<*$%.$+%3"&.4*-$+%."&-%9*):$-%)%3$/-)*&$#$&-%0/*+%3"&&)*++)&3$%'"/+%.$%+"&%+,M"4/%
H%9)/*+%"4% '"/+% .$%'$3-4/$+%4'-,/*$4/$+%b% <*,/)/3<*$% .)&+% ')84$''$% 3<)84$% &*6$)4% $I*:$%
'()384*+*-*"&% 0/,)')='$% .$% 3"&.4*-$+% .$% &*6$)4% *&C,/*$4/% P3($+-% '$% 3)+% .$% ')% #,#"*/$% )4%
+$&+%"o%'($&-$&.)*-%c)&$-5%k%84*%)%3"##$%3"&.*-*"&%'()384*+*-*"&%0/,)')='$%.4%')&:):$5%84*%
'4*A#7#$% /$0"+$% +4/% '()384*+*-*"&% 0/,)')='$% .$% ')% 3)0)3*-,% .$% 3"#=*&$/% *&-$''$3A
-4$''$#$&-%.$+%)3-$+%,',#$&-)*/$+5%$-3JQ%E%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
W%]"4+% )6"&+% 64% 84$% '(*&-,/7-% *&*-*)'% .$% 9*):$-% 0"4/% ')% 0+;3<)&)';+$% /$0"+)*-% +4/% .$+% /)*+"&+% -"4-$+%
0$/+"&&$''$+J%L)*+%.$%-$''$+%/)*+"&+5%3"##$%')%34/*"+*-,%:,&,/)'$%84$%=*$&%.$+%M$4&$+%:$&+%,0/"46)*$&-%)4%
.,=4-%.4%Kj$%+*13'$%0"4/%3$--$%.*+3*0'*&$5%&($I0'*84$&-%0)+%')%0$/#)&$&3$%4'-,/*$4/$%.$%+"&%*&-,/7-%0"4/%')%
0+;3<"'":*$%.$%'()CC$3-*6*-,J%
m%S)&+% +$+% ,3/*-+5% c)&$-% -$&.% H% 0/*6*',:*$/% '$% -$/#$% .$% T%3"&.4*-$%U% H% 3$'4*% .$% T%3"#0"/-$#$&-%U% .)&+% ')%
#$+4/$% "o5% 0"4/% -"4-% 4&% 3"4/)&-% .$% ')% 0+;3<"'":*$% .4% .,=4-% .4% Kj$%+*13'$% P'$% T%=$<)6*"4/*+#$%U% "4% '$%
T%3"#0"/-$#$&-)'*+#$%UQ5%'$%-$/#$%.$%3"#0"/-$#$&-%&$%.,+*:&)*-%84$%'$+%+$4'+%#"46$#$&-+%6*+*='$+%.$+%
"/:)&*+#$+J%
k%c)&$-% $+-% '(4&% .$+% 0/$#*$/+% 0+;3<"'":4$+% H% 3"&3$6"*/% ')% #,#"*/$% 3"##$% 4&$% )3-*6*-,% 3"&+*+-)&-%
$++$&-*$''$#$&-% $&% 4&$% /$3"&+-/43-*"&% .4% 0)++,J% 9*):$-% /$0/$&./)% $-% .,6$'"00$/)% 4'-,/*$4/$#$&-% 3$--$%
3"&3$0-*"&% .$% ')% #,#"*/$5% +)&+% 0"4/% )4-)&-% /$M$-$/% ')% &"-*"&% -/).*-*"&&$''$% .$% ')% #,#"*/$% 3"##$%
3"&+$/6)-*"&%.$+%)384*+5%84(*'%/,*&-$/0/,-$/)%$&%C"&3-*"&%.$%+$+%/$3<$/3<$+%+4/%')%:$&1+$%.$%'(*&-$''*:$&3$J%
d]`ZXSY!`dX]%
K>h>Kh>>%i%>BEjk%
W%
I.#Conduite#animale#
1.#Actes#psychologiques#réflexes#(actes#explosifs)#
2.#Actes#perceptifs#suspensifs#(instincts,#habitudes)#
le#chat#qui#guette#sa#proie…#
3.#Actes#sociaux#
(=#2,#mais#avec#adaptation#aux#actes#du#socius)#
conduites#parentales,#hiérarchie#entre#animaux#d'un#troupeau…#
II.#Conduites#intellectuelles#élémentaires#
1.#Actes#simples#combinés#
le#panier#de#pommes#(mettre#dedans#×#porter)#
2.#Le#langage#
commandement,#croyances#asséritives,#croyances#réfléchies…#
3.#La#mémoire#
le#récit#du#passé…#
III.#Conduites#supérieures#
1.#Tendances#rationnelles#
2.#Tendances#expérimentales#
3.#Tendances#progressives%
S)&+%3$--$%3"&3$0-*"&%:,&,/)'$%.$+%+-).$+%.4%.,6$'"00$#$&-%0+;3<"'":*84$%:,&,/)'%
'()CC$3-*6*-,%*&-$/6*$&-%.$%')%#)&*1/$%+4*6)&-$J%
9"4/% c)&$-5% *'% $I*+-$% .$4I% -;0$+% -/1+% :,&,/)4I% .$% 3"&.4*-$+% ."&-% ')% 0/*+$% $&%
3"&+*.,/)-*"&%0$/#$-%.$%3"#0',-$/%'$%-)='$)4%0/,3,.$&-J%G$%0/$#*$/%-;0$%/$:/"40$&-%'$+%
/#-5.,8'4%5+/5%"85%84*%-"4-$+%0"/-$&-%+4/%'$%#"&.$%$I-,/*$4/%P;%3"#0/*+%')%C4*-$5%'()--)84$5%
$-3JQ5%"4%0'4+%-)/.%+4/%.$+%/,)'*-,+%+*#0'$#$&-%/$0/,+$&-,$+J%G$+%3"&.4*-$+%#$&-*"&&,$+%
.)&+%'$%-)='$)4%0/,3,.$&-%+"&-%.$%3$%-;0$J%G$%.$4I*1#$%-;0$%/$:/"40$%-"4-$+%'$+%/#-5.,8'
8"#.,7/5%"85% 84*5% $''$+5% 0"/-$&-% +4/% '$+% )3-*"&+% 0/*#)*/$+% 0"4/% '$+% /,:4'$/% "4% '$+%
#".*C*$/%@J% 9"4/% c)&$-5% 3$+% )3-*"&+% +$3"&.)*/$+5% ."&-% C)*-% 0)/-*$% '()CC$3-*6*-,5% +$%
<*,/)/3<*+$&-%$''$+A#7#$+%.$%')%#)&*1/$%+4*6)&-$J%_%')%=)+$5%$&%'*$&%)6$3%'$+%3"&.4*-$+%
/,C'$I$+5% +$% -/"46$&-% '$+% ,#"-*"&+% ,',#$&-)*/$+% P')% C/);$4/5% 0)/% $I$#0'$5% $+-% H% ')% =)+$%
4&$%3"&.4*-$%*&+-*&3-*6$%'*,$%H%')%/,:4')-*"&%.$%'(,84*'*=/$%-"&*84$%.4%3"/0+QJ%G(,#"-*6*-,%
'*,$% H% 3$+% ,#"-*"&+% $+-% 4&$% T%-$&.)&3$% H% /$#0')3$/% '$+% "0,/)-*"&+% +40,/*$4/$+%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@%g"*/%0"4/%0'4+%.$%0/,3*+*"&%H%3$%+4M$-5%:"'02/,*.588"';'02"<-/8"%P>?K@5%6"'J%K5%0JkQ5%"46/):$%.)&+%'$84$'%c)&$-%
.,3/*-%')%<*,/)/3<*$%.$+%+$&-*#$&-+J%c)&$-%4-*'*+$%')%#,-)0<"/$%.$%'()4-"#"=*'$%0"4/%*''4+-/$/%+)%3"&3$0-*"&%
:,&,/)'$%E%.)&+%4&$%)4-"#"=*'$%*'%;%)%.(4&%3R-,%'$%#,3)&*+#$%0/*&3*0)'5%'$%#"-$4/%84*%'$%C)*-%+$%.,0')3$/5%
#)*+%*'%;%)%,:)'$#$&-%3$+%#,3)&*+#$+%+$3"&.)*/$+%84$%+"&-%'()33,',/)-$4/5%'$%C/$*&5%'$%/$34'%$-%'()//7-5%84*%
):*++$&-%+4/%'$%#,3)&*+#$%0/*&3*0)'%P6"*/%&2/+.)%'"-'0/'$/5,"5%3"4/+%.4%!"''1:$%.$%n/)&3$%>?KmA>?Kk5%0J%>kQ%
!XYZ[%S\%]\Y!^_`\G5%K\%G\aX]%b%c\_]%9d_e\`%E%G\[%[`_S\[%e\]\Z_Yf%SY%S\g\GX99\L\]`%
K>h>Kh>>%i%>BEjk%
m%
.().)0-)-*"&% .$6$&4$+% *#0"++*='$+% 0)/% '($I):,/)-*"&% .$+% "0,/)-*"&+% *&C,/*$4/$+% $-%
+4/-"4-%0)/%.$+%:/"++*1/$+%):*-)-*"&+%6*+3,/)'$+%U%BJ%%
_4A.$++4+%.$%3$+%,#"-*"&+%,',#$&-)*/$+%+$%-/"46$&-%'$+%+$&-*#$&-+%,',#$&-)*/$+%E%'$+%
+$&-*#$&-+% T%.$% 0/$++*"&% H% ):*/%U5% T%.($CC"/-+%U5% T%.$% C)-*:4$%U5% T%.$% -/*+-$++$%$-% .$% M"*$%U5%
84*%"&-%)CC)*/$%)4I%)3-*"&+%+$3"&.)*/$+%.$%3"##$&3$/%4&$%)3-*"&%0/*#)*/$%P0<;+*84$%"4%
#$&-)'$Q5%.$%')%#)*&-$&*/5%.$%')%/$&C"/3$/%P'()33,',/$/Q5% .$% ')% C/$*&$/% "4% .$% ')% -$/#*&$/J%
!$+% +$&-*#$&-+% +"&-% .$+% 3"#0'*3)-*"&+% .$+% /,:4')-*"&+% /,C'$I$+% .($CC"/-% $-% .$% C)-*:4$%
"=+$/6)='$+%3<$V%'()&*#)'%lJ%
94*+5%.,3"4')&-%.$+%0/":/1+%.$+%3"&.4*-$+%/$'$6)&-%.$%'(,6"'4-*"&%.$%')%0$/+"&&)'*-,%?5%
)00)/)*++$&-%.$+%+$&-*#$&-+%+"3*)4I%-$'+%84$%')%+;#0)-<*$%$-%'()&-*0)-<*$5%"4%.$%'()#"4/%
$-% .$% ')% <)*&$%>j5% 84*% #".*C*$&-% '$+% 3"&.4*-$+% +"3*)'$+% P$&% *&-$&+*C*)&-% '$+% )3-*"&+% C)*-$+%
)6$3%)4-/4*5%"4%)4%3"&-/)*/$%$&%'$+%C/$*&)&-5%6"*/$%$&%'$+%)&&*<*')&-QJ%
S$% #)&*1/$% :,&,/)'$5% 0"4/% c)&$-5% '($&+$#='$% .$+% )3-*"&+% +$3"&.)*/$+% "&-% 0"4/%
C"&3-*"&% .$% /,:4'$/% ')% .;&)#*84$5% '(,&$/:,-*84$% "4% $&3"/$% '(,3"&"#*$% .$+% 3"&.4*-$+%
+$'"&%')%84)&-*-,%.(,&$/:*$%.*+0"&*='$%."&-%.*+0"+$%4&%*&.*6*.4%H%-$'%"4%-$'%#"#$&-%"4%
-$''$% "4% -$''$% 0<)+$% .$% +)% 6*$J% 9)/% $I$#0'$5% +4*-$% H% 4&$% .*#*&4-*"&% .$% ')% 84)&-*-,%
.(,&$/:*$%.*+0"&*='$5%4&%*&.*6*.4%0$4-%+($&:):$/%.)&+%4&$%)3-*"&%.$%#"*&./$%&*6$)4%.$%
3"&.4*-$% 0'4-R-% 84$% .)&+% 4&$% )4-/$% .$% &*6$)4% 0'4+% ,'$6,5% '$% 3<"*I% P3"&+3*$&-% "4% &"&Q%
.,3"4')&-%.4%#"*&./$%3"p-%,&$/:,-*84$%.$%')%0/$#*1/$J%X4% *'% 0$4-% .*#*&4$/% '(*&-$&+*-,%
.(4&$%)3-*6*-,%$&%3"4/+%0"4/%C)6"/*+$/%'()33"#0'*++$#$&-%.(4&$%)4-/$%)3-*6*-,5%$-3J%
N4)&.% =*$&% #7#$% ')% 3"&3$0-*"&% .$% '()CC$3-*6*-,% 0/"0"+,$% 0)/% c)&$-% b3"##$%
.()*''$4/+%3$''$%.()4-/$+% )4-$4/+%84$%9*):$-%*&-,:/$/)%H% +"&%$CC"/-%.$%+;&-<1+$b%/$0"+$%
+4/% .$+% &"-*"&+% *&+4CC*+)##$&-% 3')/*C*,$+% $-% -/"0% +"46$&-% .,0$&.)&-$+% .$+% 3"&.4*-$+%
0)/-*34'*1/$+%0/*+$+%$&%3"&+*.,/)-*"&%.)&+%-$'%"4%-$'%3"&-$I-$%.($I0"+*-*"&%>>5%$''$%&$%0$4-%
84$% +,.4*/$% 9*):$-% 0)/% ')% 64$% .($&+$#='$% 84($''$% 0$/#$-% .()6"*/% $&% 0/$#*1/$%
)00/"I*#)-*"&% +4/% '$% .,6$'"00$#$&-% 0+;3<"'":*84$% :,&,/)'% .$% '($&C)&-5% $-% '(*&3*-$/% H%
*&-,:/$/% H% +$+% 0/"0/$+% *&-$//":)-*"&+% ')% 84$+-*"&% .$+% /)00"/-+% $&-/$% *&-$''*:$&3$% $-%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
B%9J%c)&$-5%T%S$%'(,#"-*"&J%9/"='1#$+%0+;3<"'":*84$+%U%P!"=)"',")%.0.*5>)"5%>?jK5%0J%>kkl%P6"*/%)4++*%c)&$-5%
?-/7"8'7"'029=.0)-5.,'48@#$.0.*5>)"%P0J%>KWQJ%
l%c)&$-5%?-/7"8'7"'029=.0)-5.,'48@#$.0.*5>)"%P0J%?mQJ%
?%9J%c)&$-5%&29=.0)-5.,'48@#$.0.*5>)"'7"'0/'4"%8.,,/05-95%3"4/+%.4%!"''1:$%.$%n/)&3$%>?KlA>?K?J%
>j%9J%c)&$-5%&2/+.)%'"-'0/'$/5,"5%3"4/+%.4%!"''1:$%.$%n/)&3$%>?KmA>?KkJ%
>>%!"##$%&"4+%'$%6$//"&+%0)/%')%+4*-$5%'$+%/$3<$/3<$+%/,)'*+,$+%0)/%9*):$-%+4/%'$%.,6$'"00$#$&-%3":&*-*C%
.$+%$&C)&-+%0"4//"&-%,3<)00$/%H% 3$%.,C)4-% .)&+% ')% #$+4/$% "o%$''$+%0$46$&-%=,&,C*3*$/%.$+%3')/*C*3)-*"&+%
)00"/-,$+% 0)/% '$% .,6$'"00$#$&-% .$+% +3*$&3$+% /$')-*6$#$&-% )4I% &"-*"&+% $-% "0,/)-*"&+% '":*3"A
#)-<,#)-*84$+%$-%0<;+*84$+%,-4.*,$+%3<$V%3$+%$&C)&-+J%%
d]`ZXSY!`dX]%
K>h>Kh>>%i%>BEjk%
k%
)CC$3-*6*-,5%3$%84*%&"4+%#1&$%H%')%.$4I*1#$%/)*+"&%84*%$I0'*84$%'(*&-,/7-%3"&+-)&-%0"/-,%
0)/%9*):$-%)4I%-<,"/*$+%.$%'()CC$3-*6*-,J%
!$--$%7")<56+"'%/58.,%$+-%')%0'4+%*#0"/-)&-$J%\&%+(*&-$//":$)&-%+4/%3$--$%84$+-*"&%.$+%
/)00"/-+% $&-/$% *&-$''*:$&3$% P)4% +$&+% ')/:$% .$% C"&3-*"&% *&-$''$3-4$''$% "4% 3":&*-*6$Q% $-%
)CC$3-*6*-,% P)4% +$&+% ')/:$% .$% 3$% 84*% #"=*'*+$% "4% ):*-% +4/% '()3-*"&Q5% 9*):$-% &$% 0$4-% 84$%
0/$&./$% )3-$% .$% '$4/% 3)/)3-1/$% *&.*++"3*)='$%E% *&-$''*:$&3$% $-% )CC$3-*6*-,% *&-$/6*$&&$&-%
7/,8' -.)-"' /#-5.,' 48@#$.0.*5>)"5% .$% 84$'84$% &*6$)4% 84($''$% +"*-%>KJ% !$% C)*+)&-5% 9*):$-%
+(,'"*:&$% .4% 0"*&-% .$% 64$% .$% +"&% #)q-/$% 0)/% '$84$'% 3$'4*A3*% +,0)/)*-% $&% .$4I% 0)/-*$+%
'($&+$#='$% .$+% )3-*"&+% 0+;3<"'":*84$+%E% .(4&% 3R-,% '$+% )3-*"&+% 0/*#)*/$+5% +400"+,$+%
3"&-$&*/% '($&+$#='$% .$+% )3-*"&+% 0"/-)&-% +4/% '("=M$-% P$I-,/*$4/% "4% #$&-)'Q5% $-% .$% '()4-/$%
3R-,% '$+% )3-*"&+%+$3"&.)*/$+% P)CC$3-*6*-,% *&3'4+$Q% 0"/-)&-% +4/% '$+% 0/,3,.$&-$+% 0"4/% '$+%
#".4'$/%"4%'$+%#".*C*$/J%%
9"4/%9*):$-%$&%$CC$-5%'()CC$3-*6*-,%&$%0$4-%7-/$%*.$&-*C*,$%)4I%+$4'$+%)3-*"&+%+$3"&.)*/$+%
P.$%/,:4')-*"&%.$+%)3-*"&+%0/*#)*/$+Q%E%-"4-$%)3-*"&5%.$+%0'4+%,',#$&-)*/$+%P'$+%/,C'$I$+Q%
)4I%0'4+%3"#0'$I$+%P'$+%)3-*6*-,+%/)-*"&&$''$+5%$I0,/*#$&-)'$+%$-%0/":/$++*6$+Q%3"#0"/-$%
4&$% 3"#0"+)&-$% )CC$3-*6$J% d&6$/+$#$&-5% -"4-$% )3-*"&% +$3"&.)*/$% P"4% /,:4')-*"&% .$%
'()3-*"&Q%3"#0"/-$%4&$%.*#$&+*"&%3":&*-*6$%P&$%+$/)*-A3$%84$%')%0/*+$%.(*&C"/#)-*"&%+4/%
'()3-*"&%0/*#)*/$%$&%64$%.$%+)%/,:4')-*"&QJ%9)/%)*''$4/+5%-"4-$+%'$+%/,:4')-*"&+%&$%+"&-%0)+%
.4%-;0$%.$%3$''$+%84$%c)&$-%M4:$)*-%)CC$3-*6$+%P):*++)&-%+4/%')%.;&)#*84$%.$+%3"&.4*-$+%$&%
C"&3-*"&% .$% '(,&$/:,-*84$% $-% .$% '(,3"&"#*$% .$+% 3"&.4*-$+QJ% d'% $I*+-$% .$+% /,:4')-*"&+%
3":&*-*6$+%84*%3$/-$+%-$&.$&-% H%*&<*=$/%"4%)3-*6$/%3$/-)*&+%)3-$+%#$&-)4I5% #)*+%.)&+%'$%
=4-%.(,'*#*&$/%'$+%3"&-/).*3-*"&+%.)&+%'$+%M4:$#$&-+%84(4&%+4M$-%0$4-%7-/$%)#$&,%H%C)*/$%
+4/%-$''$%"4%-$''$%/,)'*-,%P"&%$&%6$//)%.$+%$I$#0'$+%.)&+%')%+4*-$QJ%9*):$-%$&%)//*6$%)*&+*%H%
3"&+*.,/$/% 84$5% +*% '()CC$3-*6*-,% 0$4-% ):*/% +4/% ')% .;&)#*84$% .$% -"4-$% )3-*"&% 0/*#)*/$5% .$%
84$'84$% &*6$)4% 84($''$% +"*-5% ')% 3":&*-*"&% "4% '(*&-$''*:$&3$% 0$4-% $&% +$&+% *&6$/+$% /,:4'$/%
'()CC$3-*6*-,% .4% +4M$-5% "4% $&3"/$% )="4-*/% H% 3$% 84(*'% )00$''$% 4&$% T%*&-$''$3-4)'*+)-*"&% .$%
'()CC$3-*6*-,%UJ% L)*+% +*% -"4-$% )3-*"&5% 84($''$% +"*-% 0/*#)*/$% "4% +$3"&.)*/$% P/,:4')-/*3$Q5%
3"#0"/-$%)*&+*%4&$%.*#$&+*"&%)CC$3-*6$%$-%4&$%.*#$&+*"&%3":&*-*6$%P'(4&$%"4%'()4-/$%.$%
3$+%.*#$&+*"&+%0"46)&-%7-/$%3$/-$+%0'4+%"4%#"*&+%+)*'')&-$%+$'"&%'()3-*"&%0)/-*34'*1/$%$&%
84$+-*"&Q5%*'%3"&6*$&-%.$%+4=+-*-4$/%H%')%&"-*"&%.()CC$3-*6*-,%P3"##$%+"4+A3')++$%.()3-*"&+%
+$3"&.)*/$+Q%0/"0"+,$%0)/%c)&$-%4&$%&"-*"&%0$/#$--)&-%.$%.*+3$/&$/%$&%-"4-$%3"&.4*-$%
3<)34&$%.$+%.$4I%.*#$&+*"&+J%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
>K%!<$V% c)&$-5% '$+% 3"&.4*-$+% )CC$3-*6$+5% +"4+A:/"40$% .$+% )3-*"&+% +$3"&.)*/$+5% 0"/-$&-% +4/% '$+% 3"&.4*-$+%
+"3*)'$+5%$-%&()00)/)*++$&-%."&3%84(H%')%+4*-$%.$%'()00)/*-*"&%.$%3$+%3"&.4*-$+J%
1 / 34 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !