Abstract
Understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in the development of insulin resistance,
and later on the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and its metabolic complications, is a perquisite
step toward the identification of new therapeutic targets to fight against the development of
these metabolic diseases. In the present studies, we used the gerbil Psammomys obesus, a
well-established animal model of obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D),
to characterize the hepatic and intestinal signaling abnormalities associated with lipid
metabolism disorders during the pathogenesis of IR and T2D. Thus, we are able to
demonstrate that the development of these metabolic diseases in Psammomys obesus
animals, is accompanied by increased hepatic and intestinal lipogenesis with very high
efficiency to form triglycerides rich-lipoproteins. In the liver, we observed an increase in
mRNA levels of key lipogenic enzymes (ACC, FAS, SCD-1 and mGPAT) and transcription
factors (SREBP-1, ChREBP), which modulate the expression level of lipogenic enzymes.
Thereafter, our detailed analysis of the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway revealed a rise in the
gene expression of the cytosolic ACC1 isoform of ACC(involved in de novo lipogenesis)
concomitant with a constant expression of the mitochondrial ACC2 (negative regulator of -
oxidation). In spite of an adaptive state characterized by higher protein expression and
phosphorylation (activation) of AMPK, the kinase that phosphorylates and inhibits ACC,
the activity of the later remains very high in IR and T2D animals.
In the small intestine of IR and T2D animals, we demonstrated that the increase in intestinal
lipogenesis is mainly associated with a decrease of AMPK signaling pathway (i.e. reduced
expression and protein phosphorylation/activation of the two AMPK1 and AMPK2
isoforms). The main consequence of the decline in AMPK activity is the reduction of ACC
phosphorylation. Given that, the expression levels of ACC remain unchanged; our results
thus suggest an increased activity of both ACC isoforms, ACC1 and ACC2. Next, we
observed a reduction in protein and gene expression of CPT1 [key enzyme in fatty acid (FA)
-oxidation]. Taken together, these results suggest an inhibition of FA -oxidation
concomitant with a stimulation of de novo lipogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated that the
small intestine is an insulin sensitive organ and that the development of IR affects two
signaling pathways (i.e. Akt/GSK3 and p38MAPK) essentials for several metabolic
processes.
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