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Design of Pipelined Analogue-to-Digital Converters (ADC)
in Low-Voltage CMOS technology for Space Systems
Keywords
– Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
– Low-Voltage CMOS technologies
– Radiation Hardening
– Current Memory Cell
– Digital Calibration
– Noise
– Switched-Capacitors
– Switched-Currents
– Analogue Switches
Abstract
Over the last few years, circuit technologies used in space embedded systems have evol-
ved from radiation-hardened technologies to more conventional CMOS/BiCMOS ones for
three main reasons : cost effectiveness, wide availability of these technologies and greater
integration. In fact, full monolithic CMOS Analogue-Front-Ends (AFEs) are required for
low-power consumption and higher-level integration purposes.
Therefore, radiation hardening methods have been firstly studied to improve the relia-
bility of both Analogue-to-Digital Converter design and layout dedicated to space CCD
processors.
Instead of flash, successive approximation or sigma-delta converters, pipelined ADCs
are employed to achieve the required performances of future CCD processors (12bits,
20MSamples/s) because both high-speed and high-resolution can be obtained simulta-
neously. Moreover, since CMOS technologies are scaling toward smaller device sizes and
lower supply voltage, both voltage and current mode approaches have been analysed.
Indeed, the current mode approach has self-calibrating characteristics (for example : tem-
perature, ageing and process) as well as low-voltage low-power architectures, which can
be useful for designing low-power ADCs in such a harsh environment.
Consequently, to verify that current pipelined ADCs can reach high-resolutions, a
current memory cell, which is the fundamental structure of such ADCs, has been designed
and implemented in 0.35µm CMOS technology. Although this current memory cell can
fulfill such high performances (14bits, 10MSamples/s), its noise characteristics are not
suitable for 12bits ADCs. Actually, noise is a key parameter which has a large influence on
both power consumption and bandwidth. A comparative noise analysis between switched-
capacitor and switched-current structures indicates that voltage mode structures are less
noisy relative to current mode ones by more than 17dB. Therefore, the voltage mode
approach is required for the first few ADC stages.
Contrary to the current mode approach which does not require any high-swing ana-
logue switches, thereby, suiting better space conditions, the voltage mode approach needs
such switches to improve their noise performances. Bootstrapped switch structures are
usually used to improve their characteristics in low-voltage designs. Since space radiations
can damage these switch architectures, another switch design based on the bootstrapped