REGLER LA CRISE `AUTOUR DES MINERAIS DU CONFLIT` DANS

1
Policy Brief Nr 36 septembre 2012
REGLER LA CRISE ‘AUTOUR DES MINERAIS DU CONFLIT’
DANS LA REGION DES GRANDS LACS
Andrews(Atta+Asamoah(et(Nyambura(Githaiga
INTRODUCTION)
!"#$$%&'()**'#'#$$+$,%'-#',+$.&/0&$,&'1&'$+23/&45&5'
6$676#76.&5'#8#$7'7+47&5'9+4/'+3:&,76;'1&'-6267&/'-&'
;6$#$,&2&$7'14',+$;-67'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'=/#$15'!#,5'>'
7/#.&/5'-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'1&'26$&/#65@'!"&;;&7',+236$%'
&$',A&/,A#$7'>'5&',+$;+/2&/'>'-#'24-76741&'1&'9/+,%1%5B'#'
&4'1&5'629-6,#76+$5'629+/7#$7&5'#4?'$6.&#4?'$#76+$#-B'
/%06+$#-'&7'6$7&/$#76+$#-'&$',A#$0&#$7'-#'18$#26C4&'1&'
-"&?9-+67#76+$'1&5'26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'/%06+$'1&'2#$6D/&'>'-#'
;+65'9+5676.&'&7'$%0#76.&@'!"629#,7'9+5676;'5"&57'6--457/%'1#$5'
-"622&$5&',+$7/63476+$'1&5'6$676#76.&5B'C46'5"&57'7/#1467&'
9#/'4$&'9/65&'1&',+$5,6&$,&'9-45'%-&.%&'14'/E-&'1&5'
26$&/#65'&?9-+67%5'6--%0#-&2&$7'1#$5'-&';6$#$,&2&$7'14'
,+$;-67'1#$5'-#'/%06+$'&7'-&'3&5+6$'1&'.+6/'-&5'16;;%/&$7&5'
9#/76&5'9/&$#$7&5'#5542&/'-&4/5'/&59+$5#36-67%5'&$'
2#76D/&'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'&7'1&',+22&/,&'1&5'
26$&/#65B'1&'2#$6D/&'>'$&'9#5'#-62&$7&/'-"6$5%,4/67%'9#/'
6$#1.&/7#$,&@'F$'/&.#$,A&B',&77&'9-45'0/#$1&'9/65&'1&'
,+$5,6&$,&'#'2&$%'>'-"%76C4&7#0&'1&5'26$&/#65'9/+.&$#$7'
1&'-#'/%06+$B'&$'9#/76,4-6&/'1&'26$&/#65'7&-5'C4&'-"+/B'-"%7#6$B'
-&'7#$7#-&'&7'-&'74$057D$&B',+$561%/%5',+22&'26$&/#65'
9+7&$76&-5'1&',+$;-67@'*'
G6&$'C4&',&-#'#67':+4%'4$'/E-&'629+/7#$7'1#$5'
-"#402&$7#76+$'1&5'&;;+/75'.65#$7'>''/%146/&'-&';6$#$,&2&$7'
1&',+$;-67'>'7/#.&/5'-"&?9-+67#76+$'1&'26$&/#65B'-"%76C4&77&'
H26$&/#6'1&',+$;-675"'#55+,6%&'>'-#'/%06+$B'#'&$7/#6$%'4$&'
6$7&//4976+$'1#$5'-#'1&2#$1&'&$'26$&/#65'9/+.&$#$7'1&5'
=/#$15'!#,5B'-#';&/2&74/&'1&',&/7#6$&5'&$7/&9/65&5'
629-6C4%&5'1#$5'-"#,A#7'&7'-"&?9-+67#76+$'1&5'26$&/#65B'-#'
9&/7&'1"&29-+6'&7'4$&'1626$476+$'14'/&.&$4'#4'5&6$'1&'
-"%,+$+26&'-+,#-&B'&7'>'7&/2&B'2&$#,&'1&'/&$;+/,&/'
$%0#76.&2&$7'-#',/65&',/%%&'9#/'-&5'16.&/5',+$;-675'1#$5'-#'
/%06+$'56'/6&$'$"&57';#67'9+4/'&$1604&/'-#'7&$1#$,&'1&5'
,+$5%C4&$,&5''629/%.4&5@'
I#$5'4$'7&-',+$7&?7&B'-"+3:&,76;'1&',&77&'$+7&'1&'58$7AD5&'
&57'1&';+4/$6/'4$',#1/&'9+4/'/%#06/'#4?',+$5%C4&$,&5'
629/%.4&5'1&5'6$676#76.&5'C46'&?657&$7'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'
=/#$15'!#,5@'J-'9/%5&$7&'-&5'K+$&5'1"629#,7'622%16#7'1&'
,&5'6$676#76.&5B'-&4/'629#,7'0-+3#-'54/'-&5'7&$1#$,&5'
1"6$5%,4/67%'1#$5'-#'/%06+$'&7'-&5'16;;%/&$7&5'2#$6D/&5'1&'
7/#67&/'-#'C4&576+$'>',+4/7'+4'2+8&$'7&/2&@'''
INVENTAIRE)DES)REPONSES)ET)
CONSEQUENCES)EXISTANTES)))
L#/26'-&5'&;;+/75'1%9-+8%5'9+4/'3/65&/'-&'-6&$'&$7/&'
&?9-+67#76+$'26$6D/&'6--%0#-&'&7';6$#$,&2&$7'1&5'0/+49&5'
#/2%5B'+$',+297&'-"6$7&/16,76+$'26$6D/&'629+5%&'56?'2+65'
14/#$7'9#/'-&'0+4.&/$&2&$7'1&'-#'<%943-6C4&'
I%2+,/#76C4&'14'M+$0+'N<IMO'>'P#$6&2#B'#4'Q41RS6.4'&7'
#4'T+/1RS6.4@'F$';%./6&/'()*(B'-&'0+4.&/$&2&$7'1&'-#'<IM'#'
%0#-&2&$7'6$16C4%'C4"6-'2&77/#67'4$';/&6$'>'-"&?9+/7#76+$'
1&5'C4#7/&'26$&/#65'2&$76+$$%5',6R1&5545B'>'2+6$5'C4&'
,&5'1&/$6&/5'5+6&$7'#47A&$76;6%5',+22&'$"%7#$7'9#5'-6%5'#4'
,+$;-67B'4$&'2&$#,&'C46'#'1%3+4,A%'>'-#'5459&$56+$'1&'
1&4?'&$7/&9/65&5'1"&?9+/7#76+$'NUUU'P6$6$0'C46'&?&/,&'
5+45'-&'-#3&-'1&'MPP'&7'V4#86$0'7/#16$0',+29#$8O'&$'2#6'
()*(('9+4/'#.+6/'2#$C4%'1&'5&',+$;+/2&/'#4?'&?60&$,&5'
1&'7/#W#36-67%'&$'2#76D/&'1&',A#X$&'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7@'Y'
Z4'<[#$1#B'4$'#//\7%'14'0+4.&/$&2&$7'6$7&/167'-&5'
26$&/#65'$+$'%76C4&7%5B'>'-"&?,&976+$'1&5'26$&/#65'1#$5'
1&5',+$7&$&4/5'5,&--%5B'1&'7/#$567&/'1#$5'-&'9#85@]'Z4'
$6.&#4'/%06+$#-B'-#'M+$;%/&$,&'J$7&/$#76+$#-&'54/'-#'<%06+$'
1&5'=/#$15'!#,5'NMJ<=!O'^''#'265'&$'_4./&'-"J$676#76.&'
<%06+$#-&',+$7/&'-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'1&5'<&55+4/,&5'
T#74/&--&5'NJ<<TO'&7'#'#,,+29-6'1&5'9/+0/D5'$+7#3-&5'9+4/'
4$'2%,#$652&'&7'4$&'3#5&'1&'1+$$%&5'1&',&/76;6,#76+$'
/%06+$#-&@`'''
Z4'$6.&#4'6$7&/$#76+$#-B'9#/26'-&5'6$676#76.&5',-%B'+$'
,+297&'-&5'T+/2&5'1&'16-60&$,&'/#65+$$#3-&'1&'

2
-"a/0#$65#76+$'1&',++9%/#76+$'&7'1&'1%.&-+99&2&$7'
%,+$+26C4&'NaMIFO'54/'-&'1&.+6/'1&'16-60&$,&'9+4/'1&5'
,A#6$&5'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'/&59+$5#3-&5'&$'26$&/#65'
9/+.&$#$7'1&'K+$&5'1&',+$;-67'>'A#475'/65C4&5'&7'#.#-65%'
9#/'-#'MJ<=!'1#$5'-#'I%,-#/#76+$'1&'!45#b#'14'*^'1%,&23/&'
()*)@'I#$5'-&'2\2&'5&$5B'-#'MJ<=!'#'%0#-&2&$7'#1+97%'-&5'
T+/2&5'1&'16-60&$,&'/#65+$$#3-&'1&'-"aTc'54/'-&'1&.+6/'1&'
16-60&$,&'/&59+$5#3-&'9+4/'-&5'26$&/#65'9/+.&$#$7'1&'-"F57'
1&'-#'<IM@'U#$165'C4&'-&5'T+/2&5'1&'-"aMIF'&7'1&'-"aTc'
5+$7'.+-+$7#6/&5B'-#'5&,76+$'*^)('1&'-#'-+6'#2%/6,#6$&'I+11R
d/#$,b'#1+97%&'&$':46--&7'()*)'#'1&5'629-6,#76+$5'-%0#-&5'
9+4/'-&5'&$7/&9/65&5',+7%&5'#4?'F7#75Rc$65'C46'#,AD7&$7'
1&5'26$&/#65'9/+.&$#$7'1&'<IM'+4'1&'9#85'.+656$5@'G6&$'
C4&'-#'-+6'$"&29\,A&'9#5'-&5'&$7/&9/65&5'1&'
5"#99/+.656+$$&/'1#$5'-#'/%06+$B'&--&'&?60&'1&5'&$7/&9/65&5'
1&'5+42&77/&'-&4/',A#6$&'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'>'4$&'
16-60&$,&'/#65+$$#3-&@''
!"%2&/0&$,&'1&',&5'6$676#76.&5'#'&$'&;;&7'9&/265'4$&'9-45'
0/#$1&'9/65&'1&',+$5,6&$,&'14'-6&$'C46'&?657&'&$7/&',+$;-67'
&7'26$&/#65B'/%54-7#$7'1&'-"6$59&,76+$'1&5'26$&5'&7'1&'-#'
,/%#76+$'1"4$&'16.&/567%'1&'2%,#$652&5'1&'7/#W#36-67%'&7'
1&',&/76;6,#76+$'9+4/'1%,+4/#0&/'-&',+22&/,&'1&'26$&/#65'
&?9-+67%5'6--%0#-&2&$7'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@'!"6$676#76.&'/%06+$#-&'
N-"J<<TO',#7%0+/65&'-&5'567&5'26$6&/5'&$';+$,76+$'1&5'
,+4-&4/5'/+40&B':#4$&'&7'.&/7B'+e'-&'/+40&'6$16C4&'
-"6$,61&$,&'1&',+$;-67'&7'1&'.6+-#76+$5'1&5'1/+675'1&'
-"A+22&B'-&':#4$&'6$16C4&'C4"4$&'26$&'1+67'1&'$+4.&#4'
\7/&'6$59&,7%&'1#$5'-&5'7/+65'2+65'&7'-&'.&/7'#77&57&'C4"4$'
567&'26$6&/'&57'.#-61&'&7'$+$'-6%'#4',+$;-67@'''
!&5'1&4?'9/6$,69#4?'9/+,%1%5'1&'7/#W#36-67%'&7'1&',A#6$&'
1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'&$',+4/5B'5+$7',&4?'1&'-"J$576747'
6$7&/$#76+$#-'1&'/&,A&/,A&'54/'-"%7#6$'NJU<JO'&7'14'G4/&#4'
;%1%/#-'#--&2#$1'1&5'0%+5,6&$,&5'&7'1&5'/&55+4/,&5'
$#74/&--&5'NG=<O@'!"6$676#76.&'1&'-"JU<J'9+4/'4$&',A#6$&'
1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'1&'-"%7#6$'NJUQMJO'629-6C4&'
-"%76C4&7#0&'&7'-"&$/&0657/&2&$7'1&5'26$&/#65'>'9#/76/'1&5'
567&5'1"&?9-+67#76+$5B'#-+/5'C4&'-&'G=<'476-65&'-&5'$+/2&5'1&'
7/#W#36-67%'#99#/7&$#$7'#4'5857D2&'1&',&/76;6,#76+$'1&'-#'
,A#6$&'-+06576C4&@'!"J<<T'1&'-#'MJ<=!'5+476&$7'-"476-65#76+$'
1&'-"4$'+4'-"#47/&'1&',&5'5857D2&5B'7+47'&$'6$,+/9+/#$7'
%0#-&2&$7'-&5'T+/2&5'1&'16-60&$,&'/#65+$$#3-&'1&'-"aTc'
&7'1&'-"aMIF@'L+4/'/#:+47&/'1&'-#',/%1636-67%'#4'9/+,&5545B'
-"J<<T'#'%0#-&2&$7'6$7/+1467'4$',&/76;6,#7'/%06+$#-'9+4/'
/&29-#,&/'-&5',&/76;6,#75'$#76+$#4?B'#6$56'C4&'-"+3-60#76+$'
1"4$',+$7/E-&'&;;&,74%'9#/'4$'76&/5'6$1%9&$1#$7@''
DEFIS)SOUS2JACENTS)AUX)REPONSE''
!#'265&'&$'_4./&'1&',&5'6$676#76.&5'#',&9&$1#$7'%7%'
,+$;/+$7%&'>'1&5'16;;6,4-7%5'&$'/#65+$'1&5'1%;65'9/%&?657#$7'
#4'$6.&#4'/%06+$#-'&7'1&5'&?60&$,&5'9/#76C4&5'1&'
;+$,76+$$&2&$7'#55+,6%&5'#4?'9/+,%1%5@'!&5'+357#,-&5'C46'
9/%,D1&$7'-&5'167&5'6$676#76.&5',+29/&$$&$7'
-"6$;/#57/4,74/&'&7'-"#,,D5'-6267%5'#4?'567&5'26$6&/5B'4$'
5&,7&4/'26$6&/'&$'0/#$1&'9#/76&'#/765#$#-'#.&,'1&5'1%;65'
%$+/2&5'&$'2#76D/&'1"#126$657/#76+$'&7'1&',+$7/E-&B'&7'f'
9/6$,69#-&2&$7'R''-#'5674#76+$'1"6$5%,4/67%'1#$5'-"F57'1&'-#'
<IM@''
Z4',_4/'14'-6&$'&$7/&',+$;-67'&7'26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'
1&5'=/#$15'-#,5'5&'7/+4.&'-&',+$;-67'6$54/2+$7#3-&'1#$5'
-"F57'1&'-#'<IMB'C46'#3/67&'&$',&'2+2&$7'-&5'0/+49&5'#/2%5'
-+,#4?'&7'%7/#$0&/5'C46'476-65&$7'-&5'/&.&$45'1&'-#'.&$7&'
1&5'26$&/#65'9+4/';6$#$,&/'-&',+$;-67@'!&5'&;;+/75'1%9-+8%5'
9+4/'5%,4/65&/'-"F57'1&'-#'<IM'+$7'%7%'&$7/#.%5'9#/'-#'
/%,&$7&'2476$&/6&'1&'-"#/2%&'#4'T+/1RS6.4'C46'#'.4'
-"%2&/0&$,&'1"4$&'/%3&--6+$'/&$+4.&-%&'&7'1&'$+4.&--&5'
#--6#$,&5@'!&5'18$#26C4&5'+5,6--#$7&5'1&'-"6$5%,4/67%'&7'
-&4/5'629-6,#76+$5'/%06+$#-&5'#402&$7&/+$7'1#.#$7#0&'-#'
.4-$%/#36-67%'1&'-#'/%06+$';#,&'#4?',+$;-675',+$76$45'&7'#4?'
&;;&75'C46'8'5+$7'-6%5B'7&-5'C4&'-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'&7'-&'
7/#;6,'1&5'26$&/#65@''
M+29/&$1/&'-&5';#,7&4/5'9/6$,69#4?'14',+$;-67'&7'-&5'
.4-$%/#36-67%5'/%06+$#-&5'5+45R':#,&$7&5B'&57'629+/7#$7'
9+4/'7/#67&/'1&'2#$6D/&'&;;&,76.&'-#'/&-#76+$',+$;-67'f'
26$&/#65'5#$5'&?#,&/3&/'-&',+$;-67'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@'L#/26'-&5'
,#45&5'9/+;+$1&5'1&',&',+$;-67B'+$',+297&'-&5'6$:4576,&5'
A657+/6C4&5'9#/'/#99+/7'>'-#'260/#76+$'&7'#4'1/+67'1&'
$#76+$#-67%'7/#$5;/+$7#-6D/&'g'-&',+$;-67'54/'-"476-65#76+$'1&'g'
-"#,,D5'>'&7'-"#99/+9/6#76+$'1&5'/&55+4/,&5'$#74/&--&5'g'4$&'
;#63-&'9/%5&$,&'1&'-"%7#7'g'&7'4$'2#$C4&'1#$5'-#'265&'&$'
9-#,&'1"6$;/#57/4,74/&5'54;;65#$7&5'&7'1#$5'-&'
1%.&-+99&2&$7'%,+$+26C4&@'M&5';#,7&4/5'+$7'#402&$7%'
-#'.4-$%/#36-67%'1&'-#'/%06+$';#,&'>'-"6$5%,4/67%'/%54-7#$7'1&'
-#'9/%5&$,&'&$'5+$'5&6$'1&'0/+49&5'#/2%5'6--%0#4?'
%7/#$0&/5'&7'-+,#4?B'&7'1&'-&4/5'+9%/#76+$5'6--%0#-&5B'#6$56'
C4&'1&'/%5&#4?',/626$&-5'1&'7/#;6,'1"#/2&5'&7'1&'
/&55+4/,&5'$#74/&--&5@'M&77&',+$;-4&$,&'1&';#,7&4/5'&7'1&'
.4-$%/#36-67%'9/%1659+5&'-#'/%06+$'>'-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'
&7'#4'7/#;6,'1&5'26$&/#65'9#/'4$&'24-76741&'1"#,7&4/5@'I#$5'
,&',+$7&?7&B'-&5'&;;+/75'1%9-+8%5'9+4/'5&',+$;+/2&/'#4?'
16.&/5&5'6$676#76.&5'7/#67#$7'-&'-6&$'&$7/&',+$;-67'&7'26$&/#65'
+$7'1%:>'&4'1&5',+$5%C4&$,&5'$%0#76.&5'6$.+-+$7#6/&5'54/'
-&'9-#$'5+,6+R%,+$+26C4&'&7'5%,4/67#6/&'1&'-#'/%06+$@'M&,6'
$"#$$6A6-&'&$'/6&$'-#'.#-&4/'1&',&5'6$676#76.&5B'2#65'5+4-D.&'
1&5'9/+3-D2&5'629+/7#$75'C46'+$7'3&5+6$'1"\7/&'#77%$4%5'
9+4/'&29\,A&/'-"&?#,&/3#76+$'14',+$;-67'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@''''
CONSEQUENCES)INVOLONTAIRES)DES)
REPONSES)
!"%,+$+26&'#'%7%'-#'9/&26D/&'.6,762&'1&'-#'265&'&$'_4./&'
1&',&5'9/+,%1%5@'L+4/'-&5'629+/7#7&4/5'1&'26$&/#65'

3
9/+.&$#$7'1&'-#'/%06+$B'-"+3-60#76+$'1&'5&',+$;+/2&/'#4?'
$+/2&5'1&'16-60&$,&'/#65+$$#3-&'&7'1&'7/#W#36-67%'1&5'
,A#6$&5'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7'#'&$7/#6$%',&/7#6$5'>',&55&/'
1&'5"#99/+.656+$$&/'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'=/#$15'!#,5@'L#/'
&?&29-&B'&$'#./6-'()**B'-#'M+#-676+$'1&5',67+8&$5'1&'
-"6$1457/6&'%-&,7/+$6C4&'#'1&2#$1%'1"#596/&/'#4'57#747'1&'
;+$1&4/'-63/&'&7'5#$5'-6&$'#.&,'-&',+$;-67B'C46'#'9+455%'
,&/7#6$5'>'#//\7&/'1"#,A&7&/'1&5'26$&/#65'1&'-#'/%06+$@'h'
Z6$56B'-&5'&?9+/7#7&4/5'1&'26$&/#65'-+,#4?'&$'<IMB'#4'
G4/4$16'&7'&$'a40#$1#'5&'5+$7'/&$145',+297&'C4"6-5'
%7#6&$7'6$,#9#3-&5'1&'7/+4.&/'4$'2#/,A%'9+4/'-&4/5'
26$&/#65'$+$'%76C4&7%5'&7',&,6'#'2&$%'4-7%/6&4/&2&$7'>'
-"#//\7'1&5'+9%/#76+$5'1&',&/7#6$5'&?9+/7#7&4/5'&7'#4'
-6,&$,6&2&$7'1&'9&/5+$$&-@'i'!#'1%,656+$'14'0+4.&/$&2&$7'
1&'<IM'1&';&/2&/'1&4?',+29#0$6&5'1"&?9+/7#76+$'#,76.&'
#4'T+/1RS6.4'#4/#'4$'629#,7'54/'-"%,+$+26&'-+,#-&B'%7#$7'
1+$$%'C4&'-&',+22&/,&'1&'26$&/#65'/&9/%5&$7&'&$.6/+$'
j)'9+4/,&$7'1&5'/&,&77&5'1"&?9+/7#76+$5'&7':45C4"'>'^)'
9+4/,&$7'1&5'/&.&$45'1&'-#'9/+.6$,&@j'''
!#'1&2#$1&'1%,/+655#$7&'1&'26$&/#65'9/+.&$#$7'1&'-#'
/%06+$'&7'-#';&/2&74/&'1&5'&?9+/7#7&4/5'#8#$7'2#$C4%'1&'
5&',+$;+/2&/'#4?'$+/2&5B'+$7'&$7/#6$%'4$&'9&/7&'
1"&29-+65B'C46'#'&4'4$'&;;&7'1"&$7/#6$&2&$7'54/'-&5'
%,+$+26&5'-+,#-&5B'&$7/#6$#$7'-#'/%14,76+$'14'9+4.+6/'
1"#,A#7'14',+$5+22#7&4/'&7'1&5'/&.&$4&5';65,#-&5'
9/+.6$,6#-&5'7+47'&$'-6267#$7'-"#,,D5'1&5'6$16.6145'>'1&5'
9/&57#76+$5'1&'5&/.6,&5'9#8%5'7&-5'C4&'-"%14,#76+$'&7'-#'
5#$7%@'F?#,&/3&/'-&5'$6.&#4?'1&'9#4./&7%'1"4$&'9+94-#76+$'
1%:>'.4-$%/#3-&'.#'6$7&$56;6&/'-&4/'9/6.#76+$'1&'1/+67'#4?'
5&/.6,&5'5+,6+%,+$+26C4&5'&7'#402&$7&/'9/+3#3-&2&$7'
-"6$,61&$,&'14',/62&'&$'26-6&4'4/3#6$@''
!&'/#-&$7655&2&$7'%,+$+26C4&'.#'$46/&'1#.#$7#0&'>'-#'
5674#76+$'5%,4/67#6/&@'F$'/#65+$'1&5'1&2#$1&5'1&'
,+$;+/267%'#4?'$+/2&5'1&',+$7&?7&'-63/&'1&'7+47',+$;-67'&7'
#4'/&;45'1"#,,&97&/'-&5'26$&/#65'$+$'%76C4&7%5B'-&5'
9/+14,7&4/5'1&5'9/+.6$,&5'#;;&,7%&5'5&'1&.#6&$7'1&'
,A&/,A&/'1&5'/+47&5'#-7&/$#76.&5'9+4/'&?9+/7&/'-&5'
26$&/#65B',&';#65#$7B',&-#'#',#45%'4$&'A#455&'1#$5'-&'
,+22&/,&'$+$'1%,-#/%'&7'-#';/#41&@'*)''
M&5'18$#26C4&5',A#$0&#$7&5',+$57674&/+$7'4$&'2&$#,&'
9+4/'-#'5%,4/67%'1&'9#/'-"#402&$7#76+$'14'7/#;6,'6--%0#-'1&5'
26$&/#65'>'7/#.&/5'-#'/%06+$B'9&/9%74#$7'1&'-#'5+/7&'
-"%,+$+26&'1&',+$;-67'&7'#00/#.#$7'9#/'-#'5467&'-"6$5%,4/67%@'
Q467&'#4'.61&',/%%'9#/'-&'/&7/#67'1&',+22&/,&5'-%06762&5B'6-'
&57'%0#-&2&$7'9/+3#3-&'1"#55657&/'>'-"%2&/0&$,&'1&'
$+4.&#4?'#,7&4/5'9/\75'>'9/&$1/&'9#/7'#4',+22&/,&'1&'
26$&/#65'$+$',&/76;6%5'#4'2%9/65'1&5'-6&$5'&$7/&',&5'
26$&/#65'&7'-&',+$;-67@'
'
CONCLUSION)ET)RECOMMANDATIONS)
G6&$'C4&'-&5'-60$&5'16/&,7/6,&5'&7'-&5'$+/2&5'&?657#$7&5'
,A&/,A&$7'>'7/#67&/'-&'9/+3-D2&'C4&',+$57674&'
-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'1&5'26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'
=/#$15'!#,5B'56'-"+$'$&';#67'9#5'#77&$76+$B'-&5'2+1#-67%5'1&'
-&4/'265&'&$'_4./&'9+4//#6&$7'&$';#67',+$7/634&/'>',+4/7'
7&/2&'#4?'2#4?'2\2&5'C4"&--&5',A&/,A&$7'>'/%5+41/&@'
M&,6'5&'9#55&'9#/,&'C4"6-'8'#'4$&'7&$1#$,&'>';#6/&'1%/#6--&/'
-&',+22&/,&'&$'26$&/#65'-%06762&5'1&'-#'/%06+$'&$',#45#$7'
4$'&23#/0+'1&';#,7+'54/'-&',+22&/,&'&$'26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'
/%06+$'&7k+4'4$&'/%54/0&$,&'1&5'#,76.67%5',+22&/,6#-&5'
6--%0#-&5'/%54-7#$7'1&'-"%2&/0&$,&'1"#,7&4/5'C46'
,#967#-65&/+$7'54/'-&'.61&',/%%'9#/'-&'/&7/#67'1&5',+22&/,&5'
-%06762&5@'F$'.4&'1"#77%$4&/',&5',+$5%C4&$,&5B'6-'5&/#67'
9/%;%/#3-&'1&',+$561%/&/'-&5'/&,+22#$1#76+$5'
57/#7%06C4&5'546.#$7&5'l'
! !&5'24-769-&5'9#/76&5'9/&$#$7&5',+$,&/$%&5'9#/'-#'265&'
&$'_4./&'1&5'2%,#$652&5'&?657#$7'1&./#6&$7'5&'
;+,#-65&/'54/'-&5'1+2#6$&5'9/6+/67#6/&5'1&'2#$6D/&'>'5&'
9&$,A&/'&$76D/&2&$7'54/'-&'-6&$'&$7/&',+$;-67'&7'
26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'=/#$15'!#,5@'V+/265'4$&'
3+$$&',+29/%A&$56+$'14'/E-&'$%0#76;'1&5'26$&/#65'1&'
,+$;-67B'6-';#41/#67'&55#8&/'1&'5"#554/&/'C4&',&77&'
,+29/%A&$56+$'5&'/&;-D7&'54/'-&5'9/+,&5545'&7'-&5'
9+-676C4&5'1"6$5767476+$$#-65#76+$'1#$5'-&5'16.&/5'9#85'
1&'-#'/%06+$@'
! M&,6'1&./#67'5"#,,+29#0$&/'1"4$'#9946'5+-61&'#4'$6.&#4'
/%06+$#-'&7'$#76+$#-'9+4/'-#'265&'&$'_4./&'1&5'
2%,#$652&5'&?657#$75@'M&-#'9+4//#67'5&';#6/&'&$'
,+23-#$7'-&5'%,#/75'C46'&?657&$7'&$'7&/2&5'1&'
,#9#,67%5B'1&'-+06576C4&5'&7'1&';6$#$,&5B'C46'&$7/#.&$7'
-#'3+$$&'265&'&$'_4./&'1&5'16.&/5'2%,#$652&5@'!&5'
%7#75'7+4,A%5'9#/'-#',/65&'&7'-&5'+/0#$65#76+$5'
/%06+$#-&5'9+4//#6&$7',+23-&/',&5'%,#/75'&$'
6$7/+1465#$7'4$'629E7'54/'-&5'26$&/#65'1&'-#'/%06+$'1&'
2#$6D/&'>''5+47&$6/'-&5'2%,#$652&5'/%06+$#4?'1#$5'-#'
-477&',+$7/&'-"&?9-+67#76+$'6--%0#-&'&7'-&'/E-&'$%0#76;'1&5'
/&55+4/,&5'1#$5'-&5'7&$1#$,&5'1&'-#'/%06+$'&$'2#76D/&'
1&'5%,4/67%@'''
! J-'8'#'4$'3&5+6$'4/0&$7'1&'/%;+/2&/'-&'5&,7&4/'26$6&/'1&'
-#'/%06+$@''F7#$7'1+$$%'-#'$#74/&'#/765#$#-&'1&'
-"&?9-+67#76+$'26$6D/&'1#$5'-#'/%06+$B'9-456&4/5'9#/76&5'
9/&$#$7&5'6$16.614&--&5'#.&,'1&5'$6.&#4?'1"%14,#76+$'
;#63-&5'1+26$&$7'16.&/5'$6.&#4?'1&'-#',A#6$&'
1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7@'M&,6'$&'-&4/'9&/2&7'9#5'
1"#99/%,6&/'&7'1&',+29/&$1/&'9-&6$&2&$7'-&5'-6&$5'
&$7/&',+$;-67'&7'26$&/#65B'&7'-&'3&5+6$'4/0&$7'1&'1%-6&/'
-&5'1&4?B'1&'2#$6D/&'>'3/65&/'-&',8,-&'.6/74&-'#55+,6%'#4?'
26$&/#65'&7'#4',+$;-67@'J-'&57'9#/',+$5%C4&$7'&55&$76&-'

4
C4&'-&'5&,7&4/'5+67'/%;+/2%'>'1&4?'$6.&#4?'629+/7#$75@'
!&'9/&26&/'$6.&#4'1&./#67'5&'7/#146/&'9#/'-"%14,#76+$'
1&5'#,7&4/5'&?657#$75'9#/'-&5'#,7&4/5'1&'-#'5+,6%7%',6.6-&'
&$'.4&'1&'-&5'5&$5636-65&/'1#.#$7#0&'54/'-&5'2#4?'14'
/#99+/7'&$7/&'/&55+4/,&5'$#74/&--&5'&?9-+67%&5'
6--%0#-&2&$7'&7'6$5%,4/67%'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@'!&'1&4?6D2&'
$6.&#4'1&'/%;+/2&'9+4//#67'%0#-&2&$7'629-6C4&/'
-"6$7/+14,76+$'1"#,7&4/5'6$1457/6&-5'#.&,'1#.#$7#0&'1&'
2+8&$5'57/4,74/%5'9+4/'&?9-+67&/'&7';#6/&'-#'9/+2+76+$'
1&5'/&55+4/,&5'$#74/&--&5@'V+/265'-#'/%14,76+$'14'7/#;6,'
1&'26$&/#65'&7'-"#2%-6+/#76+$'1&'-#',#9#,67%'1&'
54/.&6--#$,&'14'0+4.&/$&2&$7B',&,6'9&/2&77/#'#4?'
6$57/42&$75'/%06+$#4?'&7'6$7&/$#76+$#4?'1&'7&$6/'1&'
7&-5'#,7&4/5'/&59+$5#3-&5'14'2#6$76&$'1&5'$+/2&5'
59%,6;6C4&5'>'-"&?9-+67#76+$'1&5'/&55+4/,&5'$#74/&--&5'&7'
#4'/&59&,7'1&5'/&59+$5#36-67%5'5+,6#-&5'1#$5'-&5'16.&/5'
%7#75@'''
! !#'C4#7/6D2&'/&,+22#$1#76+$'57/#7%06C4&'5&'/#99+/7&'
#4'3&5+6$'4/0&$7'1&'/&$;+/,&/'-#'54/.&6--#$,&'>'-"%,A&--&'
/%06+$#-&@'G6&$'C4&',&/7#6$5',#1/&5'/%06+$#4?'&?657&$7'
5+45'-#'MJ<=!B'-&5'0+4.&/$&2&$75'/%06+$#4?'#4/+$7'
3&5+6$'1&'5+47&$6/'-#';+/2#76+$'1&',&4?'C46'5&/+$7'
,A#/0%5'1&'.&6--&/'54/'-#',+$;+/267%'#4?'&?60&$,&5'&$'
2#76D/&'1&',A#6$&'1"#99/+.656+$$&2&$7@'M&,6'1&2#$1&'
1&';+4/$6/'-&5';+$15'$%,&55#6/&5'9+4/''&$0#0&/B';+/2&/'
&7'1%9-+8&/',&5'#0&$75'1#$5'-&5'24-769-&5'567&5'26$6&/5'
&7'1&'-&4/'1+$$&/'-&'9+4.+6/'$%,&55#6/&'9+4/'+9%/&/'1&'
2#$6D/&'&;;&,76.&@'I#$5'-&',#1/&'14'9/+,&5545'1&'
54/.&6--#$,&'/%06+$#-B'4$&'H-657&'1%5A+$+/#$7&'/%06+$#-&'
1&'$+25"'1&./#67'\7/&'6$5767476+$$#-65%&'9+4/'61&$76;6&/'
-&5'6$16.6145'&7'-&5'&$7/&9/65&5',+$$45'9+4/'&$;/&6$1/&'
-&5'$+/2&5'#1+97%&5@''''
! Z'2+8&$'&7'-+$0'7&/2&B'6-'&57'&55&$76&-'C4&'-&5'9#85'&7'
-&5'2%,#$652&5'/%06+$#4?'#3+/1&$7'-#'C4&576+$'1&5'
9/6$,69#4?';#,7&4/5'1&',+$;-67'&7'1&5'.4-$%/#36-67%5'
5+45R:#,&$7&5'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@'M&,6'9&/2&77/#'1&'
5"#77#C4&/'#4',+$;-67B'C46'/&57&'-&'9/6$,69#-'9/+3-D2&'
,+29-&?&'5+45R:#,&$7'>'-#',/65&'1#$5'-#'/%06+$@'F$7/&'
#47/&5',A+5&5B'#3+/1&/'-#'C4&576+$'1&',&5'9/6$,69#4?'
;#,7&4/5'1&',+$;-67'.#'629-6C4&/'-&'/&$;+/,&2&$7'1&5'
57/4,74/&5'1&'0+4.&/$#$,&'&7'-"#2%-6+/#76+$'1&'-#'
9/%5&$,&'1&'-"%7#7'#4'1&->'1&5',#967#-&5'1&5'%7#75'1#$5'
-#'/%06+$@'M&-#'629-6C4&/#'%0#-&2&$7'1&';#,6-67&/'1&5'
,#9#,67%5'#126$657/#76.&5'&;;&,76.&5'1#$5'-&'5&,7&4/'
26$6&/B',A&/,A&/'>'1%26-67#/65&/'-&5'26$&5'&7'5%,4/65&/'
-"F57'1&'-#'<IM'&$'%-626$#$7'-&5'2&$#,&5'%2#$#$7'1&5'
0/+49&5'#/2%5'6--%0#4?'&7'&$'9/6+/65#$7'-&'
1%.&-+99&2&$7'%,+$+26C4&@'''
! J-'&57'%0#-&2&$7'$%,&55#6/&'1&'9/+2+4.+6/'-&'
1%.&-+99&2&$7'5+,6+%,+$+26C4&'&$'6$7/+1465#$7'1&5'
9/+,&5545'>'.#-&4/'#:+47%&'9+4/'2#?6265&/'-&5'/&,&77&5'
9/+.&$#$7'1&'-"&?9-+67#76+$'&7'14',+22&/,&'1&'
26$&/#65@'!#'16.&/56;6,#76+$'1&5'2+8&$5'1&'5435657#$,&'
#2%-6+/&/#'-#',/+655#$,&'%,+$+26C4&'&7'-#'3#5&'1&',&-#'
5&/#'-#'9/+2+76+$'1&'-"%14,#76+$'&7'1&';+/2#76+$5'
#1#97%&5@'''''
! L+4/'7&/26$&/B'#2%-6+/&/'-&5'/&-#76+$5'&7'-#',++9%/#76+$'
&57'&55&$76#-'&$'.4&'1&'0#/#$76/'1&5'&;;+/75',+$,&/7%5'
9+4/';#6/&';#,&'#4'-6&$'&$7/&',+$;-67'&7'26$&/#65B'7+47'&$'
2&77#$7'&$'9-#,&'-&5'6$;/#57/4,74/&5'$%,&55#6/&5'9+4/'
76/&/'9/+;67'1&'-"&?9-+67#76+$'-%0#-&'1&'&7'14',+22&/,&'
-%06762&'1&5'26$&/#65'1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'=/#$15'!#,5@'
'
'
NOTES)
'
*'!&'7&/2&'H26$&/#65'1&',+$;-67"'&57'476-65%',+$;+/2%2&$7'>'-#'
5&,76+$'*^)('1&'-#'-+6'#2%/6,#6$&'I+11Rd/#$bB'&7'-&5'&$7/&9/65&5'
,+7%&5'#4?'F7#75Rc$65B'5"#99/+.656+$$#$7'&$'26$&/#65'1&'-#'
/%06+$B'1+6.&$7'9/+4.&/'C4"&--&5'H$"+$7'#4,4$'-6&$'#.&,'-&',+$;-67"'
&$'<IM@''''
('JU<J'NJ$576747'J$7&/$#76+$#-'1&'/&,A&/,A&'54/'-"%7#6$OB'I<'M+$0+'
5459&$15'&?9+/7&/5B'(*'P#8'()*(B'
A779lkk[[[@67/6@,+@4bk6$1&?@9A9m+976+$n,+2oK++p7#5bn67&2p67
&2o61n(]Y`pJ7&261n*hh'N,+$54-7%'-&'i':46$'()*(O@'
Y'<&47&/5B'T&['M+$0+'5,A&2&'7#/0&75',+$;-6,7'26$&/#-'&?9+/75B'
A779lkk#;@/&47&/5@,+2k#/76,-&k7+9T&[5k61ZdqaFi*<)hr()*()((i'
N#,,&55&1'*'P#/,A'()*(O@''
]'MQaTc'NM+$5&6-'1&'5%,4/67%'1&'-"aTcOB'Rapport'final'du'groupe'
d’experts'sur'la'RDCB'(j'T+.&23/&'()**B'
A779lkk[[[@4$@+/0k5,k,+22677&&5k*^YYk&0/+49@5A72-'N,+$54-7%'
-&'()':#$.6&/'()*(O@'''
^'!#'MJ<=!'&57'4$&'+/0#$65#76+$'0+4.&/$&2&$7#-&'1&'**'%7#75'
1#$5'-#'<%06+$'1&5'=/#$15'!#,5B'C46',+29/&$1'-"Z$0+-#B'-&'
G4/4$16B'-#'<%943-6C4&'M&$7/#;/6,#6$&B'-#'<%943-6C4&'14'M+$0+B'-#'
<IMB'-&'S&$8#B'-"a40#$1#B'-&'<[#$1#B'-&'Q+41#$B'-#'U#$K#$6&'&7'-#'
s#236&@'''
`'t+6/'A7795lkk6,0-/@+/0k5969@9A9m#/76,-&j]'N#,,&55&1'*]'q4$&'()*(O@'
h'MQaTcB'Rapport'final'du'groupe'd’experts'sur'la'RDC@''
i'J361@'
j'JU<JB'I<'M+$0+'5459&$15'&?9+/7&/5@'
*)'MQaTcB'Rapport'final'du'groupe'd’experts'sur'la'RDC@'