Lexique et constructions utiles en Expression écrite

Lexique et constructions utiles en Expression écrite
- No matter what / who / how / where....(+ svc)
- No matter how + adj/adv....
- So as to + BV / In order to +BV = afin de / pour + inf
- So that + svc = afin que...
- Instead of +Ving
- Though / although = bien que
- While = alors que..
- (It is) as if + prét. irréel / had – en
ex: he speaks as if he didn't understand me / he is speaking as if he had never met me.
- I find it (hard to believe/ incredible/interesting/funny/unbearable..)that (sb) should + BV / have-en
- I find it hard to BV = j'ai du mal à...
- So + adj + that = si...que
- Too +adj + to = trop ...pour
- It's (not) worth Ving
- It's urgent / important... that (sb) should + BV
- Used to + BV ≠ to be used to + Ving, to be accustomed to Ving
- Verbe WANT to BV / Want (sb) toBV . même chose pour would like/ expect..
- To earn (one's) living = gagner sa vie
- To be interested in Ving / nom = qqchose m'intéresse
- To force (sb) to BV
- To make (sb) BV
- To allow (sb) toBV ( autoriser) ≠ to enable (sb) to BV ( " rendre capable")
- To come across (sth) = rencontrer (ex: des difficultés)
- For fear of Ving = de peur de..
- For fear that (sb) might BV = de peur que
- To make up (one's) mind to BV = to decide to BV
- To side with (sb) = prendre les parts de qqun
- To manage to BV = arriver à
- To succeed in Ving = réussir à
- To resent = to object to Ving = ne pas apprécier...
- To turn (sb /sth) into (sb /sth) = transformer qqun en ...
- it is (not) the first / second.. time +(sb) have –en
- it was (not) the first/second time + (sb) had-en
- to provide (sb) with (sth) = apporter qqchose à qqun ( sens figuré)
- to be aware of + nom / to be aware that ....
- to do (one's) best to BV = faire de son mieux pour....
- to treat (sb) like dirt
- to make fun of (sb)
- to take the Mickey out of (sb) = to wind (sb) up = taquiner
- to a certain extent = jusqu'à un certain point.
- either .......or.....= soit....soit
- neither......nor... = ni...ni
- ...in case (sb) should BV.... au cas où...
- to consist in Ving
- to be on good / bad terms with (sb)
- to look down on (sb) = to despise (sb)
- to look up to (sb) = to admire
- to keep Ving
- to confide in (sb) = se confier à
- to resort to + Nom = avoir recours à
- to be supposed to BV

- to be involved in + Nom
- to be determined to + BV = être bien décidé à...
- to try to talk (sb) into/ out of Ving = essayer de convaincre qqun de
- to talk (sb) into / out of Ving = convaincre..../ dissuader...
- to prefer to BV
- to blame (sb) forVing
- to blame (one)self for sth / Ving
- to prevent (sb) from Ving = empêcher...
- to be / feel responsible for sth/sb
- to be on the same wave length = to see eye to eye with (sb)
- to lead a ( adj) life
- to look + adj ≠ to look like + nom
- " we have to tread carefully because..."
- in the short run / in the long run
- "a lot remains to be done ( to solve the problem altogether)"
- "we mustn't jump to conclusions"
- this issue is of paramount importance = d'une importance capitale
- a controversial issue = a bone of contention
- as a matter of fact = in fact
- indeed = en effet
- provided = on condition = à condition que
- as a result = so
- daily life = everyday life
- open-minded ≠ narrow minded
- to fulfill (one's dream)
- to reach (one's goal)
- to pass judgements on (sb) = juger qqun (figuré)
- out of the blue = d'un coup, sans prévenir
- a first / third person narrative: récit à la première/ troisième personne
- No sooner/hardly + had-en (inversion ) than + prétérit = à peine avait-il/ elle…que…+ Passé
- No sooner/ hardly + have-en (inversion) than + présent = à peine….( au présent)
dialogues: quelques verbes introducteurs que vous pouvez utiliser à la place de "say" par ex
- he said = he remarked, he explained, he declared, he announced, he claimed, he acknowledged,
he insisted, he added, he confirmed, he exclaimed, he shouted, he suggested, he
hesitated, he repeated, he whispered....
- he answered = he replied, he retorted, he explained
- he asked = he inquired, he wondered, he wanted to know,
 il faut utiliser le prétérit pour tous les verbes introducteurs.
 L'inversion sujet-verbe ne se fait pas en anglais.
 Les didascalies peuvent se faire à l'aide du participe présent ( Ving)
 Utilisez des adverbes pour donner plus de profondeur aux personnages.
Ex : he said angrily, she answered cheerfully................
* voir fiche

Liste des fautes rencontrées très ( trop !!!) souvent dans vos devoirs:
- during ( + nom) ≠ for (+ durée)
- to apologize for Ving ( s'excuser de) ≠ to forgive ( pardonner)
- to tell ( sb) ≠ to say ( à qqun)
- to think about ( pas "at")
- to forgive ≠ to forget
- to stay ( dans un lieu) ≠ to remain ( ex: he remained silent) ≠ to rest ( = se reposer)
- always ( tout le temps) ≠ still ( toujours, encore)
- lonely ( sentiment) ≠ alone ( physiquement) ≠ only ( seulement)
- "I think so" et non "I think"
- " I' m writing....." en début de lettre ( et non " I write" )
- POUR: to devant un verbe car c'est la contraction de "in order to+ BV.
- I agree with ... (et non I am agree)
- better ≠ the best
- more... than (et non that)
- to disappoint ( décevoir) ≠ to deceive ( tromper qqun)
- arriver à = to manage to BV (et non arrive )
- every day ( et non all day)
- people (éviter persons)
- permitt est un barbarisme ( cf plus haut : enable)
- construction particulière du verbe "to miss"
- much ≠ many
- this ≠ these
- " the main character(s)"
- les adjectifs sont invariables ( pas de "s")
* n'oubliez pas de respecter les temps, c'est à dire de ne pas commencer au prétérit et de
terminer au présent.
* N'oubliez pas de noter le nombre de mots.
Liste d'adjectifs utiles. Au fait, ils sont invariables (pas de "s") et se placent devant le Nom.
frustrated, frustrating, (to feel) down, depressed, devastated, shattered,unhappy, desperate, distressed,
broken-hearted , betrayed,
confident, self-assured, well-integrated
remorseful, ashamed, relieved ( soulagé),
lonely, excluded, destitute, withdrawn
lax, permissive( laxiste), lenient (indulgent)
indolent , idle, slack, lazy
to feel ill-at-ease, uncomfortable, awkward, irritated, embarrassed, uneazy
supportive, charitable, caring, sympathetic, understanding
unfriendly/ hostile/unpleasant ≠ pleasant , friendly, helpful,kind, nice, sociable
submitted, submissive, weak, humane ≠ evil,
strong ≠ weak, scary, frightening, frightened, terrified,
self-conscious = shy, distrustful, hesitant, modest, mousy, nervous, reserved, reticent, wary
violent, threatening, prejudiced , authoritarian, over-protective, tyranical,
dangerous = harmful, threatening, unsafe
ill-treated, misunderstood
strong-minded = strong-willed
smart, alluring , charming, good-looking, attractive, captivating, lovely
surprised, confused, dumbfounded, bewildered, speechless, stunned, flabbergasted
polite, couteous, well-educated ≠ undereducated, hateful
powerful ≠ powerless, defenceless

liste de proverbes & expressions idiomatiques
« as they say, ….. »
- Money talks. = L'argent est roi
- Money doesn't grow on trees. = l'argent ne tombe pas du ciel.
- Money is the root of all evil = l’argent est la cause de tous les maux
- A bird in the bush is worth two in the hand. = un "tiens" vaut mieux que 2 "tu l'auras".
- Better late than never! = Mieux vaut tard que jamais.
- All that glitters is not gold. = tout ce qui brille n'est pas or.
- Charity begins at home. = Charité bien ordonnée commence par soi-même.
- Half a load is better than no bread. = Faute de grives, on mange des merles.
- You can't have your cake and eat it. = on ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l'argent du beurre.
- A friend in need is a friend indeed. = c'est dans le malheur qu'on reconnaît ses vrais amis.
- Silence is golden. = le silence est d'or.
- To be on cloud nine. = être aux anges.
- It's not a bed of roses. = ce n'est pas tout rose.
- To take the bull by the horns = prendre le taureau par les cornes.
- There are plenty more fish in the sea. = un(e) de perdu(e), 10 de retrouvé(e)s.
- To call a spade a spade. = appeler un chat un chat.
- To kill two birds with one stone = faire d’une pierre deux coups
- To let the cat out of the bag = vendre la mèche
- To make a mountain out of a molehill = se faire une montagne ( d’une taupinière)
- To put the cart before the horse = mettre la charrue avant les boeufs
- To lead a dog’s life = mener une vie de chien
- As good as gold = sage comme une image
- As proud as a peacock = fier comme un paon
- As white as a ghost = pâle comme la mort, blanc comme un cachet d’aspirine
- Every cloud has a silver lining = a quelque chose malheur est bon.
- No pain, no gain = on n’a rien sans rien
- Better safe than sorry = mieux vaut prévenir que guerrir
- All is well that ends well = tout est bien qui finit bien.