essai e conomie circulaire 0414v10

L’économie*circulaire,*Graal*du*développement*durable?*
!
!
Introduction*
!
"#$%&!'#()&!&*$!&(!+%,*&*-!.&*!%/00#%$*!*1/++2'23&($! /((4&! /0%5*! /((4&! *2%! )&*!
),*6#(+$,#((&'&($*! *4%,&27! )&! (#$%&! &(8,%#((&'&($! 4+#(#',92&:! (/$2%&3! &$!
*#+,/3!;! $/27! )&! +<='/>&:! %4+</266&'&($! +3,'/$,92&:! +%,*&! /3,'&($/,%&:!
*2%0#023/$,#(:! ,(4>/3,$4*:! 0#332$,#(*:! +%,*&! 6,(/(+,5%&:! +%,*&! *#+,/3&:! &7$,(+$,#(! )&*!
&*05+&*!/(,'/3&*!&$!84>4$/3&*:!)46#%&*$/$,#(:!&$+-!!!
!
?,! 3/! (4+&**,$4! )2! )48&3#00&'&($! )2%/@3&! &*$! %&+#((2&! 0/%! $#2*:! 6#%+&! &*$! )&!
+#(*$/$&%!31/@*&(+&!)&!%4*23$/$*!*,>(,6,+/$,6*!;!3&*!+%,*&*!+#($,(2&($!&$!3&*!,(),+/$&2%*!
*#($!)&!032*!&(!032*!/3/%'/($*-!
!
A&02,*!0%5*!)&!$%&($&!/(*:!)&*!4+#3&*!)&!0&(*4&*!*#($!/00/%2&*!/6,(!)&!)48&3#00&%!
2(&!%40#(*&!>3#@/3&:!+#<4%&($&!&$!*2%$#2$!0#*,$,8&:!+</%>4&!)&!*&(*-!!
!
B/%',!+&33&*C+,:!314+#(#',&!+,%+23/,%&!*&'@3&!D!3/!6#,*!*266,*/''&($!*,'03&!0#2%!&(!
/00%4<&()&%! &$! /00%4+,&%! *&*! 0%,(+,0&*! &$!D! 3/! 6#,*! *266,*/''&($! %#@2*$&! 0#2%!
6#2%(,%!)&*!%40#(*&*!/27!)46,*!/+$2&33&'&($!0#*4*!D!(#*!*#+,4$4*-!
!
.1#@E&+$,6!)&!+&$!/%$,+3&!&*$!)&!+#'0%&()%&!314+#(#',&!+,%+23/,%&:!)&!3/!0#*,$,#((&%!
0/%! %/00#%$! /27! ),8&%*! '#)53&*! )&! )48&3#00&'&($! &$! )1&7/',(&%! */! +/0/+,$4! D!
%40#()%&!)&!'/(,5%&!>3#@/3&!/27!)46,*!/2792&3*!31<2'/(,$4!&*$!+#(6%#($4&-!
!
!
Un*monde*en*crises*
!
"#$%&! '#()&! &*$! &(! +%,*&*-! .&*! %/00#%$*! *1/++2'23&($! /((4&! /0%5*! /((4&! *2%! )&*!
),*6#(+$,#((&'&($*! *4%,&27! )&! (#$%&! &(8,%#((&'&($! 4+#(#',92&:! (/$2%&3! &$!
*#+,/3!;! $/27! )&! +<='/>&:! %4+</266&'&($! +3,'/$,92&:! +%,*&! /3,'&($/,%&:!
*2%0#023/$,#(:! ,(4>/3,$4*:! 0#332$,#(*:! +%,*&! 6,(/(+,5%&:! +%,*&! *#+,/3&:! &7$,(+$,#(! )&*!
&*05+&*!/(,'/3&*!&$!84>4$/3&*:!)46#%&*$/$,#(:!&$+-!!!
!
.&!'#)53&!4+#(#',92&!/+$2&3:!43/@#%4!)&02,*!3/!%48#32$,#(!,()2*$%,&33&:!%&0#*&!*2%!
31&7$%/+$,#(!)&!'/$,5%&*!0%&',5%&*:!3/!6/@%,+/$,#(!)&!0%#)2,$*:!3&2%!2$,3,*/$,#(!&$!3&2%!
',*&! /2! %&@2$-! F#2$&*! 3&*! 0</*&*! )&! $%/(*6#%'/$,#(! %&0#*&($! *2%! 312$,3,*/$,#(!
)14(&%>,&*!0%,(+,0/3&'&($!6#**,3&*!G+</%@#(:!>/H:!04$%#3&I-!!!
!

!
J'/>&!K!;!3&!'#)53&!)14+#(#',&!3,(4/,%&:!*#2%+&!6#()/$,#(!L33&(!M/+N%$<2%!
!
O&!'#)53&!/!0&%',*!2(!/++%#,**&'&($!4(#%'&!)&*!@,&(*! 0%#)2,$*! &(! 2(&! 04%,#)&!
$%5*! +#2%$&! 8,*CDC8,*! )&! 31<,*$#,%&! )&! 31<2'/(,$4-! O&0&()/($:! +&! '#)53&! /+$2&3:!
#0$,',*4! 0#2%! 3/! 0&%6#%'/(+&! &$! 31&66,+/+,$4! )&! 3/! 0%#)2+$,#(! )&*! @,&(*:! (&! 0%&()!
0/*! &(! +#'0$&! 3/! >4(4%/$,#(! )&*! )4+<&$*! 92,! /++#'0/>(&! 3/! 0%#)2+$,#(-!
.1/++%#,**&'&($! )&! +&$$&! 0%#)2+$,#(! *1/++#'0/>(&! /2$#'/$,92&'&($! )12(! ,'0/+$!
032*!/++&($24!*2%!3&*!'/$,5%&*!0%&',5%&*:! 92,:! +#'@,(4! D!2(&!0#023/$,#(!&(!6#%$&!
+%#,**/(+&:!/'5(&!/2E#2%)1<2,!314'&%>&(+&!)&!+%,*&*!'23$,03&*-!!
!
.148#32$,#(! )1,(),+/$&2%*! '23$,03&*! )&! 31/+$,8,$4! <2'/,(&! &$! )&! 31&(8,%#((&'&($!
)&02,*!KPQR!'&$!&(!&66&$!&(!/8/($!2(&!+%#,**/(+&!&70#(&($,&33&-!S%!2(&!+%#,**/(+&!
&70#(&($,&33&! (&! 0&2$! 0/*! +#($,(2&%! ,()46,(,'&($! D! 0/%$,%! )&! %&**#2%+&*! 6,(,&*-!
?2%$#2$! 92&! )&! '23$,03&*! %/00#%$*! ,(),92&($! 92&! )&*! *&2,3*! /3/%'/($*! )&!
+#(*#''/$,#(! )&! %&**#2%+&*! #($! 4$4! )40/**4*:! +#''&! 3&*! $%/8/27! )2! T3#@/3!
U##$0%,($! "&$V#%WK!*2%! 31&'0%&,($&! 4+#3#>,92&! 31,(),92&($-! A&! (#28&/27! '#)53&*!
)&!)48&3#00&'&($!)#,8&($!)#(+!X$%&!43/@#%4*!&$!',*!&(!03/+&-!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K!T3#@/3!U##$0%,($!"&$V#%W!;!<$$0;YYVVV-6##$0%,($(&$V#%W-#%>:!'4$<#)&!)&!+/3+23!)&!31&'0%&,($&!
4+#3#>,92&!C!<$$0;YYVVV-6##$0%,($(&$V#%W-#%>Y)#V(3#/)-0<0Z,)[QR\!
!

!
J'/>&!]!;!)&*!,(),+/$&2%*!92,!48#32&($!)&!'/(,5%&!&70#(&($,&33&:!*#2%+&!6#()/$,#(!
L33&(!M/+N%$<2%!
!
J'/>&! ^;! B<#$#! 0%,*&! 0/%! 31492,0/>&! )1N00#3#! \! 3&! ]_! )4+&'@%&! K_`\! C! B%&',5%&!
82&!)&!3/!$&%%&!,*#34&!)/(*!31&*0/+&:!*#2%+&!"N?N!
?,!B/23!a/34%b!)4+3/%/,$!)5*!K_cQ!d!3&!$&'0*!)2!'#()&!6,(,! +#''&(+&!e:! ,3! 6/2)%/!
/$$&()%&!K_`\!&$!3/!0%&',5%&!0<#$#!)&!3/!$&%%&!0%,*&!)&02,*!31#%@,$&!32(/,%&!3#%*!)&!
3/! ',**,#(! N0#33#! \! 0#2%! 92&! 3/! 8,*,#(! )2! '#()&! +</(>&! 0%#6#()4'&($! )/(*!
Northern
Hemisphere
average surface
temperature
POPULATION, WATER USE, MOTOR VEHICLES, GDP, FISHERIES EXPLOITATION...
Source: New Scientist October 2008
Species extinction Ozone depletion
Foreign
investment
Fisheries
exploited
1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Population
CO2 concentration
GDP
Loss of tropical
rainforest and
woodland
Water use
Paper consumption
Motor vehicles

31,(+#(*+,&($! +#33&+$,6!;! (#$%&! 03/(5$&! &*$! 2(,92&! &$! ,3! (1&7,*$&! 0/*! )&! 03/(5$&! )&!
%&+</(>&!)/(*!2(!8#,*,(/>&!0%#+<&-
Les réponses face aux crises
O&$$&! 0%&',5%&! 0%,*&! )&! +#(*+,&(+&! +#33&+$,8&! /33/,$! )4+3&(+<&%! 3143/@#%/$,#(! )&!
(#28&/27!'#)53&*!4+#(#',92&*!&$!3/!(#$,#(!)12(!)48&3#00&'&($!)2%/@3&!$%#28/,$!
2(&!6#%'/3,*/$,#(!D!$%/8&%*!3/!+#'',**,#(!f%2()$3/()]!92,!&(!K_\P!)46,(,**/,$!/,(*,!
3&!)48&3#00&'&($!)2%/@3&!;!
d!Le#développement#durable#est#un#développement#qui#répond#aux#besoins#du#présent#
sans#compromettre#la#capacité# des#générations#futures#de# répondre# aux#leurs.#Deux#
concepts# sont# inhérents# à# cette# notion#:# le# concept# de# «#besoins#»,# et# plus#
particulièrement#des#besoins#essentiels#des#plus#démunis,#à#qui#il#convient#d’accorder#
la#plus#grande#priorité,#et#l’idée#des#limitations#que#l’état#de#nos#techniques#et#de#notre#
organisation# sociale# impose# sur# la# capacité# de# l’environnement# à# répondre# aux#
besoins#actuels#et#à#venir.!e!
!
?,!3/!(#$,#(!)&!)48&3#00&'&($!)2%/@3&!&*$!)4*#%'/,*!@,&(!+#'0%,*&!&$!/++&0$4&:!3&*!
%4/3,*/$,#(*!(1#($!0/*!/'&(4!3&*!%4*23$/$*!&*+#'0$4*-!A&02,*!3/!0/%2$,#(!)2!%/00#%$!
f%2()$3/():!3&*!,(),+/$&2%*!+#($,(2&($!)&!*&!)4>%/)&%-!.&*!*#+,4$4*!*&'@3&($!@,&(!
&(!0&,(&!)&!$%/(*6#%'&%!3&2%*!$%/E&+$#,%&*-!F#2$!*&'@3&!*&!%4*2'&%!D!d!T%&&(!/6$&%!
T#3)!e! G3&! 8&%$! /0%5*! 31#%:! 31&(8,%#((&'&($! /0%5*! 314+#(#',92&I:! +#''&! *,!
314+#(#',&! )&8/,$! /8#,%! 3/! 0%4+4)&(+&! *2%! *&*! ,'0/+$*! &$! +#''&! *,! 314+#(#',&!
0#28/,$!*&!0&%'&$$%&!)&!6#(+$,#((&%!,()46,(,'&($!*/(*!,(+32%&!*&*!,'0/+$*!/**#+,4*-!!
!
F%#,*! >%/()&*! #0$,#(*! *#($! 0#**,@3&*!/6,(! )&! +#(*$%2,%&! 2(&! %40#(*&! >3#@/3&! /27!
+%,*&*-!
!
g(&! 0%&',5%&! %40#(*&! &*$! )&! 3/,**&%! 3&! '/%+<4! *1/2$#%4>23&%-! .&*! +#h$*! )&*!
'/$,5%&*!0%&',5%&*!/2>'&($/($:!2(&!0/%$,&!)&*!+#(*#''/$&2%*!8/!*&!$%#28&%!)/(*!
31,'0#**,@,3,$4! )1/++4)&%! /2! '/%+<4! &$! 2(! (#28&3! 492,3,@%&! *14$/@3,%/! #i! 3&*! 032*!
%,+<&*! 0#2%%#($! +#($,(2&%! 3&2%! +#(*#''/$,#(-! O&$$&! #0$,#(! &*$! +3/,%&'&($! 0&2!
492,$/@3&! &$! +#()/'(&! 2(&! 0/%$,&! )&! 3/! 0#023/$,#(! <2'/,(&:! $%#0! 0/28%&! 0#2%!
/++4)&%! /2! '/%+<4-! "#2*! /8#(*! /**,*$4! &(! 0/%$,&! D! +&! *+&(/%,#! /8&+! 3&!
%&(+<4%,**&'&($!)2!0%,7!)2!'/,*!*2,$&!D!3/!)&'/()&!&(!@,#4$</(#3!0#2%!6/@%,92&%!
)2!+/%@2%/($^-!.&!0%,7!)2!@34!4$/($!+#%%434!)&!0%5*!D!+&32,!)2!'/,*:!+1&*$!$#2*!3&*!0%,7!
)&*! +4%4/3&*! 92,! #($! 6#%$&'&($! +%2*! &($%/j(/($! )&*! $&(*,#(*! *2%! 3&*! '/%+<4*! )&*!
)&(%4&*!/3,'&($/,%&*-!!
A&! 032*! +&! '#)53&:! 0&2! '#%/3:! (&! %5>3&! 0/*! 8%/,'&($! 3&! 0%#@35'&! )&*! ),8&%*!
,'0/+$*! &(8,%#((&'&($/27! &$! )&! 3/! 92&*$,#(! )&! 3/! ),*0#(,@,3,$4! )&*! %&**#2%+&*! D!
3#(>! $&%'&-! g(&! 8/%,/($&! D! +&! '#)53&! &*$! )&! +#(*$%2,%&! 2(&! +%#,**/(+&! 032*!
%&*0#(*/@3&! #i! 3&*! ,'0/+$*! *#($! %4)2,$*-! .&! '#)53&! (&! +</(>&! 0/*! )&! '/(,5%&!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
]!k/00#%$!f%2()3/()!&(!/(>3/,*!
<$$0;YYVVV-/%&-/)',(-+<Y$<&'&(Y(/+<</3$,>YRR]``YRRQcRYRRQc]Y,()&7-<$'3Z3/(>[6%l)#V(3#/
)["mH.0n&>P$:3(0`JR"FgRc]3]n`3(K/&]Jn(cn]9n0(S]o29]n`>0pOA)(7`>'b'K`]&0o@>]+qpEr@
"#r?(`NCC!
!
^!M/s*;!3/!+/$/*$%#0<&!)2!@,#+/%@2%/($C!<$$0;YYVVV-*3/$&-6%Y*$#%bY`R^]KY'/,*C&$</(#3C*+/()/3&!

,($%,(*592&! &$! 3&! %4*23$/$! &*$! 032*! 2(! )4+/3/>&! )/(*! 3&! $&'0*! )&*! +#(*492&(+&*!
,(48,$/@3&*! 3,4&*! /2! '#)53&-! .&*! >%/()*! '#28&'&($*! )2! )48&3#00&'&($! )2%/@3&*!
*#($! >4(4%/3&'&($! 3,4*! /2$#2%! )&! 3/! %4)2+$,#(! )&*! ,'0/+$*:! */(*! +#(*,)4%&%! 2(&!
/00%#+<&! >3#@/3&-! N,(*,! *&! '&$$&($! &(! 03/+&! )&*! 0#3,$,92&*! )&! %4)2+$,#(! )&!
+#(*#''/$,#(:! */(*! +3/,%&'&($! /66,+<&%! 3&! *&2,3! )2%/@3&-! O&*! 0%,(+,0&*! *#($!
>4(4%/3&'&($! 84+2*! )&! '/(,5%&! +230/@,3,*/($&! 02,*92&! 31#@E&+$,6! &*$! )&! d!6/,%&!
'#,(*! '/3!e:! */+</($! 92&! )&! $#2$&! '/(,5%&! $#2$! +#'0#%$&'&($! +%4&! )&*! ,'0/+$*!
,%%48&%*,@3&*:! +/%! 3&! *b*$5'&! )/(*! */! >3#@/3,$4! (1/! 0/*! 4$4! +#(t2! 0#2%! 48,$&%! 3&*!
&7$&%(/3,$4*!(4>/$,8&*-!
!
g(&! )&27,5'&! %40#(*&! +#(*,*$&! D! #04%&%! 2(&! %4)2+$,#(! ,'0#%$/($&! )&! (#$%&!
+#(*#''/$,#(! )&! %&**#2%+&*-! F,'! p/+W*#(! &*$! 2(! )&*! 0&(*&2%*! )&! +&$$&! $<4#%,&!
/8&+! (#$/''&($! *#(! '#)53&! JBNF! )&! >&*$,#(! )&*! ,'0/+$*:! #i! 31J'0/+$! GJI! &*$! 3&!
0%#)2,$! )&! 3/! B#023/$,#(! GBI! 0/%! 31N6632&(+&! u! 3/! %,+<&**&! u! GNI! 0/%! 3&! (,8&/2! )&!
F&+<(#3#>,&!G+#(*#''/$,#(!)&!@,&(*I!GFI:!*#,$!J![!B-N-F-!.1N6632&(+&!&*$!4>/3&!D!3/!
%,+<&**&!>3#@/3&!GBJfI!),8,*4&!0/%!3/!0#023/$,#(!>3#@/3&!&$!3/!F&+<(#3#>,&!&*$!4>/3&!
/2! %/00#%$! &($%&! 31,'0/+$! 0/%! 3/! %,+<&**&! >3#@/3&! GBJfI-! .&! 0%#)2,$! B-N-F! &*$! )#(+!
4>/3! D! B! -! GBJfYBI! -! GJYBJfI:! *#,$! /0%5*! *,'03,6,+/$,#(! J-! ./! %4)2+$,#(! )&! 31,'0/+$!
)&'/()&!D!%4)2,%&!3&*!),8&%*!$&%'&*!)&!31492/$,#(-!S%:!3&*!0%48,*,#(*!)148#32$,#(!)&!
3/!0#023/$,#(!D!]RQR!,(),92&($!2(!0/**/>&!)&!P:Q!D!_:Q!',33,/%)*!)&!0&%*#((&*-!J3!&*$!
/3#%*! (4+&**/,%&! *#,$! )&! %4)2,%&! 3&! (,8&/2! )&! %,+<&**&:! *#,$! 3&! (,8&/2! )&!
+#(*#''/$,#(!#2!3&*!)&27-!J3!6/2$!&($%&%!)/(*!2(!+b+3&!)&!)4+%#,**/(+&!)2%/@3&-!S%!
+&$$&! (#$,#(! &*$! ),66,+,3&'&($! /++&0$/@3&! 0/%! 3&*! 0#023/$,#(*! )&*! 4+#(#',&*! &(!
+%#,**/(+&! /,(*,! 92&! 0/%! +&33&*! )&*! 4+#(#',&*! )48&3#004&*! &$! %&(+#($%&!2(! %&E&$!
032$=$!'/**,6:!*#28&($!/**,',34!d!/2!%&$#2%!D!3/!@#2>,&!e!0/%!*&*!)4$%/+$&2%*:!/3#%*!
92&!3/!0%#0#*,$,#(!)&!8/3&2%!&*$!032*!)&!+#(*,)4%&%!3140/(#2,**&'&($!<2'/,(!)/(*!
*/!>3#@/3,$4!032$=$!92&!3/!*&23&!*/$,*6/+$,#(!)&!3/!+#'0#*/($&!4+#(#',92&-!
!
./! $%#,*,5'&! %40#(*&! &*$! )&! %&0&(*&%! )&! '/(,5%&! >3#@/3&! 3&! 6#(+$,#((&'&($!
6#()/'&($/3!)&!314+#(#',&!&$!)&!*1,(*0,%&%!)2!'#)53&!@,#3#>,92&!92,!&7,*$&!)&02,*!
^:\!',33,/%)*!)1/((4&*!*2%!$&%%&!&$!92,!/!+%4&!2(!*b*$5'&!*$/@3&!*2%!3&!3#(>!$&%'&!;!
314+#(#',&!+,%+23/,%&-!!!
.1/00%#+<&! )&! 314+#(#',&! +,%+23/,%&! %&03/+&! 31<2'/,(! /2! +v2%! )2! 0%#+&**2*! )&!
+%4/$,#(! &$! *&! 0%#0#*&! )&! %&)4*,>(&%! (#$%&! &(8,%#((&'&($:! )&! %&(#28&3&%! (#$%&!
4+#(#',&! &$! )&! %4>4(4%&%! (#$%&! +/0,$/3-! O1&*$! %&'03/+&%! 3/! 6#%'23&! +435@%&!
d!%&)2+&:! %&2*&:! %&+b+3&!e! 2$,3,*4&! )/(*! 3&*! 6#%'23&*! +3/**,92&*! )2! )48&3#00&'&($!
)2%/@3&! 0/%! d!%&)&*,>(:! %&(&V:! %&>&(&%/$&!e! GM-! f%/2(>/%$:! w-! M+A#(#2><Ic-! g(&!
$&33&!0%#0#*,$,#(!)&'/()&!2(&!,((#8/$,#(!)/(*!$#2*!3&*!)#'/,(&*!)1/+$,8,$4-!!
.14+#(#',&!+,%+23/,%&!0%#0#*&!2(!+</(>&'&($!)&!'#)53&!;!$#2$!0%#)2,$!#2!*&%8,+&!
&*$! +#(t2! 0#2%! (&! 0/*! >4(4%&%! )1&7$&%(/3,$4*! (4>/$,8&*! &$! 'X'&! 0%#)2,%&! )&*!
*&%8,+&*! *20034'&($/,%&*! @4(46,92&*-! A/(*! +&! +/)%&! $#2$&! +#(*#''/$,#(! )&8,&($!
0#*,$,8&!&$!&(%,+<,$!(#$%&!+/0,$/3!4+#(#',92&:!*#+,/3!&$!&(8,%#((&'&($/3!x!!
.14+#(#',&! +,%+23/,%&! %40#()! $#$/3&'&($! /27! +%,$5%&*! )2! )48&3#00&'&($! )2%/@3&!
6#%'234!0/%!3/!+#'',**,#(!f%2()$3/()!&$!'X'&!3&*!)40/**&!02,*92&!31/'@,$,#(!&*$!
)1&(%,+<,%!31&(8,%#((&'&($:!D!31,(*$/%!)2!'#)53&!@,#3#>,92&-!
.&!+</(>&'&($!)&!0/%/),>'&!&*$!$#$/3!x!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
c!M-!f%/2(>/%$:!w-!M+A#(#2><:!F<&!g0+b+3&:!0-!K`\!