RESUME'.............................................................................................................................................................'2!
INTRODUCTION'..............................................................................................................................................'4!
7S!B:n#5CBCBB?3!8"CVC:,A83!T!<"!B$A,#7>8C8!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!_!
I.1.#Généralités#.................................................................................................................................................................#5!
I.2.#Répartition#géographique#et#habitats#...........................................................................................................#5!
I.3.#Facteurs#de#virulence#............................................................................................................................................#6!
77S!!<A!B:n#5CBCBBC3"!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!a!
II.1.#Epidémiologie#.........................................................................................................................................................#7!
II.2.#Clinique/Pronostic#................................................................................................................................................#8!
II.3.#Physiopathologie#...................................................................................................................................................#9!
777S!<A!:"#C83"!7,,?875A7:"!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!6O!
III.1.#Immunité#innée#..................................................................................................................................................#10!
III.2.#Immunité#adaptative#.......................................................................................................................................#14!
III.2.A.#Réponse#immunitaire#à#médiation#cellulaire#....................................................................................#14!
III.2.B.#Réponse#immunitaire#à#médiation#humorale#...................................................................................#15!
III.2.C.#Les#cytokiniques#et#les#chimiokines#........................................................................................................#16!
74S!:"#C83"!7,,?875A7:"!A!<=78V"B57C8!#A:!C.#NEOFORMANS!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!6a!
IV.1.#La#réponse#immunitaire#innée#.....................................................................................................................#18!
IV.2.#La#réponse#immunitaire#adaptatrice#........................................................................................................#20!
4S!C?57<3!;="5?;"3!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!M6!
V.1.#Les#modèles#d’études#de#la#réponse#immunitaire#..................................................................................#21!
V.2.#Etude#de#l’expression#par#PCR#en#temps#réel#...........................................................................................#25!
47S!#:C%<",A57D?"!"5?;7""!"5!C%N"B57V3!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!
MATERIEL'............................................................................................................................................................''
&'METHODES'......................................................................................................................................................'!
7S!3C?B$"3!;"!C.#NEOFORMANS!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!
I.1.#Origine#............................................................................................................................................................................##
I.2.#Repiquage,#stockage#.................................................................................................................................................##
I.3.#Préculture#et#préparation#des#levures#avant#contact#avec#les#macrophages#.................................##
II.#Matériel#et#culture#cellulaire#..................................................................................................................................##
II.1.#Source#............................................................................................................................................................................#!
II.2.#Entretien#......................................................................................................................................................................#!
II.3.#Préparation#avant#contact#avec#les#levures#.................................................................................................#!
777S!,C;"<"!;=785":AB57C8!,AB:C#$A>"3kC.#NEOFORMANS!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!
III.1.#Anticorps#monoclonal#IgG1#E1#.........................................................................................................................##
III.2.#Interaction#macrophages/C.#neoformans#...................................................................................................##
III.3.#Optimisation#du#modèle#......................................................................................................................................#!
74S!#:"#A:A57C8!;"3!A:8!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!
IV.1.#Protocole#d’extraction#d’ARN#............................................................................................................................##
IV.2.#Traitement#DNase#..................................................................................................................................................#!
IV.3.#Synthèse#de#cDNA#...................................................................................................................................................#!
4S!#B:!D?A8575A574"!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!
V.1.#Light#Cycler#480#II#Roche#......................................................................................................................................#!
V.2.#Dessin#des#amorces#..................................................................................................................................................#!
V.3.#Protocole#d’amplification#par#PCR#...................................................................................................................#!
V.4.#Mise#au#point#du#protocole#de#qPCR#................................................................................................................#!
V.5.#Critères#d’analyse#des#données#générées#par#qPCR#...................................................................................##
V.6.#Électrophorèse#...........................................................................................................................................................#!
V.7.#Mise#au#point#des#courbes#standards#de#référence#....................................................................................#!
V.8.#Détails#de#la#méthode#de#calcul#de#quantification#relative#par#le#
ΔΔ
dt#...........................................#!
RESULTATS'.........................................................................................................................................................'!
7S!C#57,73A57C8!;?!,C;"<"!B"<<?<A7:"!"o#":7,"85A<!SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!!