8 Passif

LA VOIX PASSIVE
(Be + V-en)
A/ POURQUOI ?
@
*Un ‘actant’ =
B/ COMMENT CONSTRUIRE UNE PHRASE PASSIVE
A la voix active, il faut repérer:
j Le verbe
k Le temps
l Le sujet/agent (singulier ou pluriel ?) m L’objet/patient (singulier ou pluriel ?)
VOIX ACTIVE
The teacher
encouraged
Rajouter Be + V-en …
VOIX PASSIVE
Il faut savoir 2 choses :
1)
(cf CM ‘Groupe Verbal’, tableau de verbes irréguliers - 3ème colonne)
the students
2
2)
TO BE
TEMPS
SIMPLES
PRESENT
I am, he/she/it is
you/we/they are
TEMPS
I am being
PROGRESSIFS he/she/it is being
you/we/they are being
PASSE
FUTUR
I/he/she/it/you/we/they
I/he/she/it was
will be
you/we/they were
[w ] ? where [w ]
PARFAIT
I/you/we/they have been
he/she/it has been
__________________
I/you/he/she/it/we/they
had been
I/he/she/it was being
You/we/they were being
Assez rare
Très rare
Exercice :
Donnez les participes passés des verbes suivants :
1) become =
2) break =
3) choose =
5) eat =
6) feel =
7) forget =
9) have =
10) know =
11) learn =
4) do =
8) grow =
12) read =
[
]
C/ EMPLOI
@
1
@
2
Tableau Récapitulatif des Voix Active et Passive
TEMPS SIMPLES
PRESENT
(V-s)
PRETERIT
(V-ed)
FUTURE
(WILL + V)
PRESENT PERFECT
(V-en)
PAST PERFECT
(HAD + V-en)
MODAL
ACTIF
It
EATS
PASSIF
(Be + V-en)
It
It
It
It
It
It
It
It
It
It
ACTIF
TEMPS “PROGRESSIFS”
Be V-ing
PASSIF
(Be +being + V-en)
PRESENT
It
It
PAST
It
It
FUTURE
It
RARE
PRESENT PERFECT
It
RARE
2
3
EXERCICE 1
Mettez les phrases actives (à gauche)e à la forme passive (à droite). Soulignez l’agent, le patient et
analysez le temps.
ACTIVE
1) They often do it
2) They are doing it now
3) They did it yesterday
4) They were doing it last week
5) They have already done it
6) They will do it soon
7) They had often done it in the past
8) They have to do it right now
9) They may not have done it yet
10) They really should not have done it
PASSIVE
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
It …………………………………………………
NB
La préposition ‘By’ sert à introduire le complément d’agent, mais celui-ci peut être omis lorsque:
1)
ex : That serial killer was finally arrested yesterday.
2)
ex : This house was built in 1950.
3)
ex : My bike’s been stolen!
4)
ex : Apparently you’ve been accused !
5)
ex : Taking photos is forbidden !
6)
(ie. pour les les processus)
ex : The letters are collected then taken to the sorting office.
EXERCICE 2
Les phrases suivantes sont à la voix active et mentionnent de façon redondante le sujet/agent/’déclencheur’ de
l’action. Allégez-les en les mettant à la voix passive. (Repérez également le temps utilisé à la forme active en le
soulignant)
1) The cleaners were cleaning the room when I arrived.
2) Nobody should have opened this letter. It’s private !
3) The printers accidentally printed the page twice.
4) The actors are going to perform a play outside.
5) Some people are using the lecture hall next Friday.
6) The wind blew his hat off.
7) Somebody will have to pay for the damage.
8) The builders should have finished the house by next week.
3
4
@
1
The teachers gave
2
She
was given
Traductions:
2
her
3
a test
3
a test
1
(by the teachers)
1
2
They taught the children
2
The children were taught
3
a lesson
3
1
a lesson (by them)
REMARQUE:
EXERCISES 3
Traduisez les phrases suivantes:
1) Frogs legs are not eaten in England.
2) Sam was told to apologise immediately.
3) This film is said to be hilarious.
4) She is said to be the most famous sociologist in America.
5) They are expected to have finished by 10pm.
6) “I hate being patronised” said the young man.
7) The police were called in.
8) This door hasn’t been opened in years
9) They are questioning her.
D/ LES STRUCTURES FIGEES et L’ELLIPSE
@ Il existe de nombreuses structures figées utilisant la voix passive en anglais :
ex.1 :
Where ………… you …………… Peter ? I was born in Scotland.
(To be born)
ex.2 :
This car ……………. …………… in Germany.
(To be made)
ex.3 :
An umbrella has …………… ……………… in the classroom.
“……… there any cake ………….. in the fridge?”
(To be left)
(cf. CM sur les Quantificateurs)
@ Par souci d’économie, les anglophones font souvent l’ellipse de …………………………………..
et donc la voix passive peut se limiter au ………………………………. !
4
5
(Lorsque tel est le cas, attention à ne pas confondre le participe passé avec le prétérit !)
ex 1 : English spoken
(= English
)
ex 2 :
Wanted : Sales Manager
(= A Sales Manager
)
ex 3 :
Made in Germany
(= this object
)
Nature
ATTENTION à ne pas confondre les diverses formes en –ed!
They educated their children at home
‘Educated’
Their children were educated at home
The well-educated often succeed in life, unlike the unemployed
She is a highly educated woman
EXERCICE 4
Lisez le texte suivant. Analysez toutes les formes en –ed et donnez leur nature.
Yesterday, just after having played (
) tennis, I became interested (
) in a book which really
fascinated (
) me. My eyes were fixed (
) on each page. The book explained (
)
how educated (
) adolescents are often bored (
) at school and how they must constantly be
reassured (
) and encouraged (
) by their teachers and parents. I expected (
) to
learn a lot thanks to this book.
EXERCICE 5
Reformulez les gros titres des journaux et les notices en insérant l’auxiliaire TO BE et les déterminants qui ont été omis.
1)
“MISSING
GIRL
FOUND
SAFE”
2)
“ARREST
IMMINENT
FOR
MAFIA
BOSS”
3)
CHEQUES
ACCEPTED
WITH
GUARANTEE
CARD
ALLOWED
IN
4)
5)
6)
BUILT
NO
IN
UNACCOMPANIED
“PROMOTION
ONLY.
1888
CHILDREN
LIKELY FOR
BBC
LIFT.
CHIEF”
E/ PASSIF + PREPOSITION
@
EXERCICE 6
Ex : People laughed at Freud when he spoke of penis envy
= Freud was laughed at when he spoke of penis envy.
1) Is anyone attending to you?
=
2) I can’t rely on you to do the job.
=
3) Quick! We must send for a doctor!
=
4) I’ll look into that problem a.s.a.p.
=
5) They filled their heads with too much knowledge. =
6) She made fun of her brother.
=
5
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ATTENTION! Quant aux adverbes de fréquence (
)…
F/ VOIX PASSIVE + INFINITIF + TO
Une forme passive + to + base verbale (+ participe passé ou Nom)
@
LES
DECLARATIFS
(verbes exprimant
une opinion/une
preuve : to allege,
to report, to say,
to feel, to believe,
to know, to see)
1) The Prime Minister is said to have lied to the press.
Traduction :
2) This war is reported to have made thousands of victims
Traduction :
He was told to rely on his family whenever he had a problem.
LES VERBES
D’INCITATION
Traduction :
(to ask, to tell, to
advise)
Attention!
?
Traduction : On disait de lui qu’il comptait sur sa famille chaque fois qu’il avait
un problème.
(Pas d’idée d’incitation!!!)
Seulement 2 sont problématiques :
LES VERBES
D’INTENTION
OU
D’ATTENTE
a) To mean, lorsqu’il exprime une
(= was supposed to)
This study was meant to revolutionize 20th century thinking.
Traduction :
b) To expect, = 2 sens possibles (attente neutre ou désir)!!
Tony Blair is expected to give a speech at 11am.
Traduction : a)
b)
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EXERCICE 7
Mettez le texte suivant à la voix passive. N’utilisez pas l’agent que s’il est important.
The police arrested Barry White at Newton Hospital last night. Doctors were taking him to the operating
theatre when the police arrived. One of his accomplices had accidentally shot him in the knee during the
get-away. The police are interrogating White at Bournemouth Police Station. They will charge him with
armed robbery. They have already charged him twice for similar offences in the last five years.
Barry White …
EXERCICE 8
Annales d’examens
1) Put the following sentences into the passive voice.
a) “UK coroners can only record a verdict of suicide on the basis of proof”
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) “The Samaritans run programmes in schools”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) “the United Nations has advised governments to set up programmes”
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(Session de juin 2002 Texte : « Unbearable burden of Life »)
2) Transformez les phrases suivantes à la voix active
a) Today, in Sunderland, at least 13 women will be attacked and beaten by their male partners.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Eight hundred women and children, all fleeing violent men, were turned away in 2000 from local
refuges.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Transformez la phrase suivante à la voix passive
d) In our experience, you can probably treble that figure.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(Session de septembre 2002 Texte “Safe as houses”)
3) Put the following sentences into the passive voice
a) They are forcing him out of his environment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) You should pair them with another guinea pig of the same sex.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) The sound of a dog barking in the distance can send them mad with fear.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(Session de juin 2001 Texte “Take one home for the kiddies”)
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