
Site du Departement d’anthropologie d’Alabama : ramené à l’anthropologie cognitive.
Cognitive anthropology : Ethnosemantics, Ethnoscience, Ethnolinguistics, and New Ethnography.
« Cognitive anthropology addresses the ways in which people conceive of and think about events
and objects in the world. It provides a link between human thought processes and the physical
and ideational aspects of culture (D’Andrade 1995: 1). This subfield of anthropology is rooted in
Boasian cultural relativism, influenced by anthropological linguistics, and closely aligned with
psychological investigations of cognitive processes. It arose as a separate area of study in the
1950s, as ethnographers sought to discover “the native’s point of view,” adopting an emic
approach to anthropology (Erickson and Murphy 2003: 115). The new field was alternatively
referred to as Ethnosemantics, Ethnoscience, Ethnolinguistics, and New Ethnography. »
Cognitive anthropology, leading figures
Ward Goodenough (b. 1919) is one of cognitive anthropology’s early leading scholars, inaugurating
the subdiscipline in 1956 with the publication of “Componential Analysis and the Study of
Meaning” in a volume of Language. He helped to establish a methodology for studying cultural
systems. His fundamental contribution was in the framing of componential analysis, Borrowing
its methods from linguistic anthropology, involved the construction of a matrix that contrasted
the binary attributes of a domain in terms of pluses (presence) and minuses (absence).
"Componential Analysis and the Study of Meaning" (1956) and "Componential Analysis of
Konkama Lapp Kinship Terminologies" (1964).
Floyd Lounsbury (1914-1998) was another influential figure in the rise of the subdiscipline. His
analysis of Pawnee kinship terms, “A Semantic Analysis of the Pawnee Kinship Usage” was
published in 1956.
Charles Frake (b. 1930) He also emphasized that the ethnographer "should strive to define objects
according to the conceptual system of the people he is studying" (1969:28), or in other words
elicit a domain. He argued that studies of how people think have historically sought evidence of
"primitive thinking" instead actually investigating the processes of cognition. He contends that
future studies should match the methodological rigor of kinship and should aim for developing
a native understanding of the world. He promotes a "bottom up" approach where the
ethnographer firsts attains the domain items (on the segregates) of different categories (or
contrast sets). The goal, according to Frake, is to create a taxonomy so differences between
contrasting sets are demonstrated in addition to how the attributes of contrasting sets relate to
each other.
Harold Conklin (b. 1926)
A. Kimball Romney’s (b. 1925) many contributions to cognitive anthropology include the
development of consensus theory. Unlike most methods that are concerned with the
reliability of data, the consensus method statistically measures the reliability of individual
informants in relation to each other and in reference to the group as a whole. It
demonstrates how accurately a particular person’s knowledge of a domain corresponds with
the domain knowledge established by several individuals. In other words, the competency of
individuals as informants is measured. For specifics about how cultural consensus works, see
the "Methodology" section of this web page. In a recent article in Current Anthropology,
"Cultural Consensus as a Statistical Model" (1999), there is an intriguing exchange between