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Boko Haram et le terrorisme islamiste au Nigeria

Tรฉlรฉchargement
Ajouter ร  la (aux) collection (s) Ajouter ร  enregistrรฉ
Ques๎†Ÿons de recherche / Research Ques๎†Ÿons โ€“ nยฐ40 โ€“ Juin 2012
๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎‡๎‡๎‡๎˜๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎ฒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎ฌ๎†‹๎„š๎†Œ๎˜๎…š๎†š๎…ต
๎ญ
๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ
๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎ฒ๎€„๎…ถ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎„ ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†
๎™๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎š๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎š๎„ž๎†๎„ž๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎€ƒ๎™๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†
๎…๎Žฃ๎ฐ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎ด๎€ƒ๎€บ๎†ต๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฎ
๎€’๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†
๎ž๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎—๎…ฝ
Ques๎†Ÿons de recherche / Research Ques๎†Ÿons โ€“ nยฐ40 โ€“ Juin 2012
๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎‡๎‡๎‡๎˜๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎ฒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎ฌ๎†‹๎„š๎†Œ๎˜๎…š๎†š๎…ต
๎ฎ
๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
Rรฉsumรฉ
๎€„๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎…๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎จ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„จ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎—
๎ด๎€ƒ๎ž๎›๎„‚๎…๎…๎†š๎ฒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎ฒ๎†š๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎†š๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎
๎€…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„‚๎‡€๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎„๎…š๎„ž๎‡€๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎…๎…๎†Ÿ๎…ต๎„ ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„š๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ธ๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎†Œ๎„ ๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎ด๎ฌ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎„ฎ๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„ซ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎›๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎„๎„ž๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎…š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎…ฝ๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎‡€๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎„š๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎ฒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎‹๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†‰๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎†ต๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎…๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎˜
Summary๎€ƒ
๎€ฏ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎„๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎…š๎…๎†‰๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†š๎‡๎„ž๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎†๎…ฝ๎ฒ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎ž๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎Ÿ๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€„๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„‚๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎†Œ๎„ž๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„จ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎„๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎—
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…๎…ถ๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎‡๎„ž๎†Œ๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎…ฝ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎…ฝ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎
๎€„๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„š๎‡๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎†๎…š๎…ฝ๎‡๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎†ต๎„๎…š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎„๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎‡๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„ž๎†š๎‡‡๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎„๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡€๎„ž๎„‚๎…ฏ๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡๎„ž๎„‚๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ž๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฌ๎…๎…ถ๎…๎˜๎€ƒ๎‹๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡๎…๎†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ
๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ธ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎…ฌ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎„จ๎€ƒ ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎„๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…ต๎†ต๎†Œ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…๎…ถ๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฌ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎ด๎ฌ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ค๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎‡‡๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎„๎„ž๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„๎…š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎…š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†๎…š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎‡€๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎‡Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†š๎‡๎„ž๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎…š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ž๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎…š๎•๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎„ž๎„๎…๎„ฎ๎„๎…๎†š๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎…š๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎‡๎…๎†š๎…š๎€ƒ๎…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎„๎…ฌ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎บ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎‡๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎†Œ๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ
๎„๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎†ต๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎‡๎…๎†š๎…š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎…๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎…๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎˜
Marc-Antoine๎€ƒPรฉrouse๎€ƒde๎€ƒMontclos๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎พ๎€ฏ๎š๎€˜๎ฟ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…‡๎…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎‡€๎„‚๎…ฏ๎†ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…š๎†ต๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎„จ๎†Œ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„๎†๎„‚๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€˜๎…๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†€๎…ต๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พ๎€ฏ๎€œ๎—๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎„จ๎†Œ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎ž๎†ต๎„š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎€ผ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡‡๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎„จ๎†Œ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…๎‡€๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š Le Nigeria๎€ƒ๎พ๎ญ๎ต๎ต๎ฐ๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒViolence et sรฉcuritรฉ urbaines๎€ƒ๎พ๎ญ๎ต๎ต๎ณ๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒLโ€™Aide humanitaire, aide ร  la
guerre ?๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒVilles et violences en Afrique subsaharienne๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฎ๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒDiaspora et terrorisme๎€ƒ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฏ๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒGuerres dโ€™aujourdโ€™hui๎€ƒ
๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ณ๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š ร‰tats faibles et sรฉcuritรฉ privรฉe en Afrique noire ๎พ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ด๎ฟ๎˜
Ques๎†Ÿons de recherche / Research Ques๎†Ÿons โ€“ nยฐ40 โ€“ Juin 2012
๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎‡๎‡๎‡๎˜๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎ฒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎ฌ๎†‹๎„š๎†Œ๎˜๎…š๎†š๎…ต
๎ฏ
๎ž๎ƒŠ๎ƒƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ™๎‚›
๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€‘๎ƒŠ๎‚ป๎ƒŠ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‚ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚ƒ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ƒง๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎ƒŠ๎‚๎‚น๎‚›๎ƒฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎€ƒ๎‚ฎ๎‚—๎‚›๎ƒ„๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎‚ฅ๎‚ฎ๎‚๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฑ
๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎จ๎ƒ„๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚๎ƒฒ๎ƒŠ๎‚ฝ๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎ƒŠ๎‚‘๎‚ฎ๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚›๎ƒฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚›๎‚ฝ๎‚ฎ๎‚ฆ๎‚ฎ๎‚›๎ƒง๎ƒ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ต
๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎›๎‚›๎ƒธ๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎ƒ„๎ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎‚—๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚›๎ƒ„๎‚ƒ๎‚‘๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎•๎€ƒ๎‚—๎ƒง๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎ƒŠ๎‚‘๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎€ƒ๎‚„๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎›๎‚ฎ๎ƒ„๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎ƒ™๎ƒ„๎‚ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎ญ๎ฏ
๎€ฏ๎ณ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚›๎ƒ™๎ƒ™๎‚›๎ƒง๎ƒ™๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚„๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚๎ƒ–๎‚๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎‚—๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚ฅ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ™๎‚‘๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚—๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒ๎‚๎‚‘๎ƒง๎ƒ™๎‚ฎ๎ƒฃ๎‚๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฒ
๎ณ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚›๎ƒฃ๎ƒŠ๎ƒง๎ƒ™๎€ƒ๎‚—๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚ซ๎‚๎ƒŠ๎ƒ™๎‚ฎ๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚—๎ƒง๎€ƒ๎‚‘๎ƒŠ๎ƒƒ๎ƒ–๎‚ฝ๎ƒŠ๎ƒฃ๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ด
๎ณ๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎จ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚๎ƒฒ๎‚๎‚ฝ๎‚ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎ƒง๎ƒ™๎€ƒ๎‚—๎ƒง๎€ƒ๎ƒ–๎ƒŠ๎‚ฝ๎‚ฎ๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ˜๎ƒง๎‚›๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฎ
๎ณ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎จ๎ƒ„๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚ƒ๎‚—๎‚ฎ๎‚‘๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎‚ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎‚›๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎‚ฆ๎ƒง๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚—๎›๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ๎‚ƒ๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฐ
๎ณ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€˜๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚ฝ๎‚ƒ๎€ƒ๎‚—๎‚ฎ๎‚ฅ๎‚ฅ๎‚๎ƒ™๎‚›๎ƒ„๎‚‘๎‚›๎€ƒ๎‚›๎ƒ„๎ƒฃ๎ƒ™๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ƒฒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎‚ฝ๎‚›๎ƒ„๎‚‘๎‚›๎ƒ๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚›๎‚ฝ๎‚ฎ๎‚ฆ๎‚ฎ๎‚›๎ƒง๎ƒ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎‚›๎ƒฃ๎€ƒ
๎จ๎€ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒ„๎ƒฃ๎‚›๎ƒ™๎‚‘๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎‚ฅ๎‚›๎ƒ๎ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎ƒ„๎‚›๎‚ฝ๎‚ฝ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ด
๎€’๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎‚‘๎‚ฝ๎ƒง๎ƒ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎ญ
๎€‘๎‚ฎ๎‚๎‚ฝ๎‚ฎ๎ƒŠ๎‚ฆ๎ƒ™๎‚ƒ๎ƒ–๎‚ซ๎‚ฎ๎‚›๎€ƒ๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฏ๎ฎ
Ques๎†Ÿons de recherche / Research Ques๎†Ÿons โ€“ nยฐ40 โ€“ Juin 2012
๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎‡๎‡๎‡๎˜๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎ฒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎ฌ๎†‹๎„š๎†Œ๎˜๎…š๎†š๎…ต
๎ฐ
๎€„๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎„ฎ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„š๎›๎…š๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎จ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎„๎†š๎†ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎ญ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฒ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฝ๎†ธ๎†š๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎•๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎ฒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎จ๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€„๎„๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†Ÿ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎›๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎€’๎…š๎„‚๎„๎„‚๎„๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ž๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€„๎…ฏ๎ฒ๎™๎„‚๎…ข๎„š๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎…š๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พ๎€„๎™๎„๎€ฏ๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎„Ÿ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…๎…๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎…๎…ถ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€‘๎„‚๎†๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎„๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎•๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ค๎„๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎†๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎€„๎„๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…š๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฑ๎ญ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ญ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎„๎…๎€ƒ
๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†š๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†‰๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†๎„๎„ž๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„‚๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎‡‡๎†๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†ต๎†Œ๎„๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†Ÿ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒcheckpoints ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ
๎†š๎„‚๎‡†๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎‹๎…ฌ๎„‚๎„š๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„‚๎†๎†๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎†Œ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎…๎†Ÿ๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎„š๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎„๎†Œ๎…๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„จ๎„ ๎„š๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎€„๎„๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„‚๎˜๎€ƒ
๎€„๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎‡‡๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎„Ÿ๎…๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎… ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎‡‡๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎… ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎…ฉ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€„๎„จ๎†Œ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ๎€˜๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎„•๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ฉ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€พ๎…๎„๎‡‡๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎„จ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎ฒ๎จ๎…ถ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…๎…๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎€ง๎…ฝ๎…ฝ๎„š๎…ฏ๎†ต๎„๎…ฌ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎…š๎„‚๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎ฒ๎…ต๎„ก๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎†Œ๎„ ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎˜๎€ƒA priori๎•๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎€„๎…ฏ๎ฒ๎™๎„‚๎…ข๎„š๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎„ซ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎•๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„‚๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎…๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎บ๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎„จ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€„๎†‰๎†Œ๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„‚๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎บ๎…ฝ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฏ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎†ต๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†๎†‰๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†š๎†€๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎ค๎„๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€’๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎…ถ๎˜๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†Œ๎†ต๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎˜๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎… ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎„Ÿ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„ซ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ณ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€˜๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎›๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎„ ๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎…š๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†š๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎‡‡๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎„ž๎˜
๎€˜๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎†ต๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎†‰๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€บ๎†ต๎†๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎•๎€ƒ
๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎‡‡๎†๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…‡๎„Ÿ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ
๎„š๎…๎„ธ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎…š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†Œ๎„š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†€๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎ฎ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎„‚๎†๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…๎…๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎‡‡๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ ๎…ฉ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎„๎„‚๎„š๎„ ๎…ต๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎•๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎„จ๎…๎…š๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎ฒ๎†‰๎„‚๎…ฌ๎…๎†๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎€…๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎บ๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎„จ๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†š๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„จ๎†ต๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎—
๎ญ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€บ๎›๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎›๎„‚๎…๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎„๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ก๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎€ƒ๎พ๎€บ๎„‚๎…ต๎„‚๎›๎„‚๎†š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎€„๎…š๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎ฒ๎ž๎†ต๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎…๎„š๎„š๎„‚๎›๎„‚๎‡๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎€ƒ๎ด๎„‚๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎…๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎ฟ๎˜
๎ฎ๎˜๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎€„๎„๎…๎…ต๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€„๎„š๎„ž๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ค๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎จ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…๎…ถ๎…๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎„๎€ƒ๎š๎„ž๎‡€๎…๎‡€๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ
Africa Spectrum,๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฐ๎ฑ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎Žฃ๎ฎ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ต๎ฑ๎ฒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎ด๎€ƒ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„ž๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎€ƒ๎‹๎…ถ๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…š๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ค๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎›๎†๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ
African Security Review,๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎Žฃ๎ฎ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฌ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฑ๎ฐ๎ฒ๎ฒ๎ณ๎€ƒ๎–๎€ƒ๎€„๎„๎…๎…ต๎„๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€„๎„š๎„ž๎†๎…ฝ๎…ฉ๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎€‘๎„ž๎†š๎‡๎„ž๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎…ต๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎š๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎• Africa Today๎•๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฑ๎ณ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎Žฃ๎ฐ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ต๎ต๎ฒ๎ญ๎ญ๎ต๎˜
Ques๎†Ÿons de recherche / Research Ques๎†Ÿons โ€“ nยฐ40 โ€“ Juin 2012
๎…š๎†ฉ๎†‰๎—๎ฌ๎ฌ๎‡๎‡๎‡๎˜๎„๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎ฒ๎†๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎ฒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎˜๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎ฌ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„‚๎ฌ๎†‹๎„š๎†Œ๎˜๎…š๎†š๎…ต
๎ฑ
๎ด๎€ƒ๎ž๎›๎„‚๎…๎…๎†š๎ฒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎ฒ๎†š๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎
๎ด๎€ƒ๎€œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…ฝ๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎ฒ๎†š๎ฒ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎
๎€…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎†ต๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎‡€๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„Ÿ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…š๎„ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„Ÿ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎•๎€ƒ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„‚๎†‰๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ฏ๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฉ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ
๎…ฝ๎„๎„๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎†ต๎†๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎„๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎‡Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„…๎„๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎‡†๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎„‚๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎†‰๎…๎†Œ๎…๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎„š๎€ƒ๎บ๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎„จ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€˜๎„Ÿ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎„๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎…๎…๎„ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎…ฏ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎„จ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎„๎…š๎…ถ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„‚๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎„š๎„Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎‡†๎„๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎‡€๎„ž๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎‡‡๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎ฐ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€…๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎…๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎€ƒ
๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎…๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€„๎†ต๎ฒ๎„š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎‡†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎…๎…š๎„‚๎„š๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎„ซ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎„ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎—๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„ž๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎… ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎„๎„‚๎†‰๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…‡๎…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎†๎†๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎…๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ ๎‡€๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎„ฎ๎„ž๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ
๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†ต๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†๎„๎„ž๎†‰๎†Ÿ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ต๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„ž๎†ฉ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†‰๎†ต๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ข๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎ฑ๎˜
๎€ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€‘๎ƒŠ๎‚ป๎ƒŠ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‚ƒ๎ƒ™๎‚ƒ๎ƒƒ๎€ƒ๎—๎€ƒ๎ƒง๎ƒ„๎€ƒ๎ƒŠ๎‚๎‚น๎‚›๎ƒฃ๎€ƒ๎ƒƒ๎‚ƒ๎‚ฝ๎€ƒ๎‚ฎ๎‚—๎‚›๎ƒ„๎ƒฃ๎‚ฎ๎‚ฅ๎‚ฎ๎‚
๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„ž๎†๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ ๎‡€๎…๎„š๎„ž๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎ฒ๎˜๎€ƒ ๎€˜๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎„š๎…ฝ๎…ต๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎…ฏ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ถ๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„š๎…๎†๎†Ÿ๎…ถ๎…๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎…š๎…๎†๎†š๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎„‚๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„๎…๎†‰๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎†Œ๎„ ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎„๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ
๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎†๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…๎…ต๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…๎„‚๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎„š๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—
๎ด๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎„ฎ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎™๎„‚๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎…๎‡‡๎‡‡๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ค๎…๎…ฉ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎‡‡๎‡‡๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ ๎„š๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ
๎„๎…š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎†๎„‚๎…ฏ๎†ต๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ž๎‡†๎†š๎„‚๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†๎†ต๎…๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ ๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…๎…ฌ๎…š๎€ƒ ๎„๎…š๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎‡‡๎†๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎–
๎ด๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎‡‡๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒsala๎„ฎ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†‰๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎‡๎„‚๎…š๎…š๎„‚๎„๎…๎†๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎…ฝ๎†ต๎„š๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎„ ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†š๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ
๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…๎…๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ก๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎พsalaf๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ž๎…ฝ๎„๎…๎„ ๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎†Œ๎„‚๎„š๎…๎„๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎‡€๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ
๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ ๎„ฎ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎†š๎…š๎…ฝ๎„š๎…ฝ๎‡†๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎€ƒ๎พ๎€บ๎„‚๎…ต๎„‚๎š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎‡Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎ฒ๎€‘๎…๎„š๎„‚๎€ƒ๎‡๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†‹๎„‚๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎ฒ๎ž๎†ต๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„‚๎ฟ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„ž๎†ต๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…๎…ฌ๎…š๎†๎€ƒ
๎€„๎„๎†ต๎„๎„‚๎…ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…š๎…ต๎†ต๎„š๎€ƒ๎€ง๎†ต๎…ต๎…๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎†๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„š๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ฟ๎„‚๎…ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎‡‡๎‡‡๎„‚๎˜๎€ƒ๎‹๎„ธ๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎ณ๎ด๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†ฉ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†๎›๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎…๎…ถ๎„š๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎„š๎†ต๎…ถ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…๎…ฌ๎…š๎€ƒ๎บ๎†ต๎†๎†ต๎„จ๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…ต๎„๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎š๎…๎…๎„‚๎„๎…š๎…๎…ฌ๎†ต๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ
๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎…ฝ๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎…๎…ฌ๎…š๎†๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„š๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎€ƒ๎บ๎„‚๎…š๎„‚๎‡‡๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€บ๎…๎…ถ๎…๎…๎†Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ
๎†Œ๎„ ๎†ต๎…ถ๎…๎„ฎ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†‰๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎€ƒ๎–
๎ด๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„‚๎…š๎„š๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎†๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎…๎†๎€ƒ ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ ๎„๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎…๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ ๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„š๎›๎†ต๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†‰๎…š๎„Ÿ๎†š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„ž๎„๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎…๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎†๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พ๎จ๎€ƒ๎€’๎„ž๎…ฏ๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†ต๎„š๎…๎†š๎€ƒ ๎ฉ๎ฟ๎€ƒ ๎†๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„ ๎…๎…๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎„๎†ต๎…š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„‚๎„š๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎‡๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎ด๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎–
๎ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎›๎„‚๎…๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎„š๎†ต๎…๎†š๎†๎€ƒ๎†๎›๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎„‚๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…๎…ถ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ ๎„ž๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎†š๎„‚๎…ต๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎‡€๎„ž๎„๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„๎…š๎„ž๎„จ๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†ต๎‡†๎•๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†š๎†๎€ƒ
๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†๎†š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎„๎„ž๎†๎˜๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎…๎„Ÿ๎†Œ๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…ต๎…๎†๎†๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎…ฝ๎„๎†š๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ญ๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ญ๎ฎ๎˜๎€ƒ๎€บ๎›๎„‚๎…๎€ƒ
๎†๎‡‡๎†๎†š๎„ ๎…ต๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎„ž๎†Œ๎‡€๎„ ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎…ถ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎‡‡๎…ต๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎„๎†ต๎†š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎˜๎€ƒ
๎ฐ๎˜๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎†Œ๎„‚๎‡‡๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎†๎†š๎•๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ค๎…š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†ฉ๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„จ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎…๎†๎†๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎—๎€ƒ๎€‘๎…ฝ๎…ฌ๎…ฝ๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒAnnual Review of Islam in Africa๎•๎€ƒ๎‡€๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎˜๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ต๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ณ๎ฒ๎ญ๎ญ๎˜
๎ฑ๎˜๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ข๎„๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฉ๎›๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎…ถ๎„š๎†๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎…๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎„ž๎†ต๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…๎†š๎„ ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎…๎…๎„ ๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎†š๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎›๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†๎†š๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎„๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎„ ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„‚๎…ถ๎†๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎„‚๎†Œ๎†Ÿ๎„๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ฌ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€’๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ต๎ต๎ต๎•๎€ƒ
๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎„š๎…๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„‚๎„š๎…ฝ๎†‰๎†š๎„ž๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…๎…๎…๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎…ฝ๎„ธ๎„๎…๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎„š๎›๎„ ๎†š๎„‚๎„๎…ฏ๎…๎†Œ๎€ƒ๎†ต๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†š๎…š๎„ ๎…ฝ๎„๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎†‹๎†ต๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„‚๎…๎†Œ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎†๎‡‡๎†๎†š๎„Ÿ๎…ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„จ๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„•๎„‚๎…๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎…ถ๎›๎…๎…ถ๎†๎†Ÿ๎†š๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„‚๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ
๎†๎„ ๎†‰๎„‚๎†Œ๎„‚๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„จ๎…ฝ๎†Œ๎…ต๎„ž๎…ฏ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎†Œ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎…๎…ฏ๎…๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎€ž๎†š๎„‚๎†š๎˜๎€ƒ๎€„๎…๎…ถ๎†๎…๎•๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…ฝ๎†ต๎‡€๎„ž๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„ž๎…ต๎„ž๎…ถ๎†š๎€ƒ๎„ฎ๎…ถ๎„‚๎…ถ๎„๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎†š๎†Œ๎…๎„๎†ต๎…ถ๎„‚๎†ต๎‡†๎€ƒ๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎…๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎†๎†ต๎„๎‡€๎„ž๎…ถ๎†Ÿ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎†‰๎„Ÿ๎…ฏ๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎…ถ๎„‚๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„๎„ž๎„๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎˜
๎ฒ๎˜๎€ƒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎ฒ๎€„๎…ถ๎†š๎…ฝ๎…๎…ถ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎—๎„ ๎†Œ๎…ฝ๎†ต๎†๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎†š๎„๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎•๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎ณ๎„ž๎†Œ๎†š๎†ต๎†๎€ƒ๎„ž๎†š๎€ƒ๎…ต๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…š๎„ž๎†ต๎†Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…ฏ๎›๎…๎†๎…ฏ๎„‚๎…ต๎€ƒ๎†‰๎…ฝ๎…ฏ๎…๎†Ÿ๎†‹๎†ต๎„ž๎€ƒ๎„‚๎†ต๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎†‰๎†ต๎…๎†๎€ƒ๎ญ๎ด๎ฌ๎ฏ๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎†ต๎†Œ๎…๎„ž๎…ฏ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎…ฝ๎…ต๎„ž๎‡Œ๎ฒ๎—๎„ž๎†Œ๎„ž๎‡Œ๎€ƒ
๎พ๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎˜๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒLโ€™Islam poli๎†Ÿque au Sud du Sahara : iden๎†Ÿtรฉs, discours et enjeux๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎„‚๎†Œ๎†š๎…š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„‚๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ฑ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ฑ๎ฎ๎ต๎ฒ๎ฑ๎ฑ๎ฑ๎€ƒ๎–๎€ƒ๎จ๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„ž๎€ƒ๎…๎…๎…๎„ž๎†Œ๎…๎„‚๎€ƒ๎ฉ๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎…ถ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎„ž๎„‚๎…ถ๎ฒ๎„๎„‚๎†Œ๎„๎€ƒ
๎€‘๎„‚๎…ฏ๎„ž๎…ถ๎„๎…๎„ž๎•๎€ƒ๎€„๎†Œ๎…ถ๎„‚๎†ต๎„š๎€ƒ๎„š๎„ž๎€ƒ๎€พ๎„‚๎€ƒ๎€ง๎†Œ๎„‚๎…ถ๎…๎„ž๎€ƒ๎พ๎„š๎…๎†Œ๎˜๎ฟ๎•๎€ƒMondes rebelles. Guerres civiles et violences poli๎†Ÿques๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎„‚๎†Œ๎…๎†๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎„๎…š๎„‚๎…ฏ๎…ฝ๎…ถ๎•๎€ƒ๎ฎ๎ฌ๎ฌ๎ญ๎•๎€ƒ๎†‰๎†‰๎˜๎€ƒ๎ณ๎ฎ๎ญ๎ฒ๎ณ๎ฐ๎ต๎˜
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Boko Haram et le terrorisme islamiste au Nigeria

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