13. KAMEDA H., SMALL E.J., REESE D.M., CORREY M., FROH-
LICH M.A., BOK R.A., KELLY, W.K. A Phase II Study of PC-
SPES, an Herbal Compound, for the Treatment of Advanced
Prostate Cancer (PCa). J. Clin. Oncol., 1999, 18, abtsract #1230.
14. KELLIS J.T. JR, VICKERY L.E. Inhibition of human estrogen syn-
thetase (aromatase) by flavones. Science, 1994, 225, 1032-1034.
15. KUBO I. Structural basis for bitterness based on Rabdosia diter-
penes. Physiol. Behav., 1994, 56, 1203-1205.
16. KUBOTA T, HISATAKE J, HISATAKE Y, SAID JW, CHEN SS,
HOLDEN S, TAGUCHI H, KOEFFLER HP. PC-SPES: a unique
inhibitor of proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
. Prostate., 2000, 42, 163-171.
17. KYO R., NAKAHATA N., SAKAKIBARA I., KUBO M., OHIZU-
MI Y. Effects of Sho-saiko-to, San'o-shashin-to and Scutellariae
Radix on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in C6 rat glioma cells.
Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 21, 1067-1070.
18. LANDIS S.H., MURRAY T., BOLDEN S., WINGO PA. Cancer sta-
tistics, 1999. CA Cancer J. Clin., 1999, 49, 8-15.
19. MATSUZAKI Y., KUROKAWA N., TERAI S., MATSUMURA Y.,
KOBAYASHI N., OKITA K. Cell death induced by baicalein in
human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Jpn. J. Cancer Res.,
1996, 87, 170-175.
20. MITTELMAN A., TIWARI R.K., CHEN S., GELIEBTER J.
Preclinical Analysis of the In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of PC-SPES
on Rat Prostate Cancer Cells. J. Clin. Oncol., 1999, 18, abstract
#700.
21. MOYAD M.A., PIENTA K.J., MONTIE J.E. Use of PC-SPES, a
commercially available supplement for prostate cancer, in a patient
with hormone-naive disease. Urology., 1999, 54, 319-323.
22. NAGAO Y., ITO N., KOHNO T., KURODA H., FUJITA E.
Antitumor activity of Rabdosia and Teucrium diterpenoids against P
388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1982, 30,
727-729.
23. NAM R.K., FLESHNER N., RAKOVITCH E., KLOTZ L.,
TRACHTENBERG J., CHOO R., MORTON G., DANJOUX C.
Prevalence and patterns of the use of complementary therapies
among prostate cancer patients: an epidemiological analysis. J.
Urol., 1999, 161, 1521-1525.
24. OH WK, GEORGE DJ, HACKMANN K, MANOLA J, KANTOFF
PW. Activity of the herbal combination, PC-SPES, in the treatment
of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Urology,
2001, 57, 122-126.
25. PFEIFER B.L., PIRANI J.F., HAMANN S.R., KLIPPEL K.F. PC-
SPES, a dietary supplement for the treatment of hormone-refractory
prostate cancer. BJU Int., 2000, 85, 481-485.
26. PORTERFIELD H.. UsToo PC-SPES surveys: review of studies and
update of previous survey results. Mol. Urol., 2000, 4, 289-292.
27. RAFI M.M., ROSEN R.T., VASSIL A., HO C.T., ZHANG H.,
GHAI G., LAMBERT G., DIPAOLA R.S. Modulation of bcl-2 and
cytotoxicity by licochalcone-A, a novel estrogenic flavonoid.
Anticancer Res., 2000, 20, 2653-2658.
28. ROSS R.K., HENDERSON B.E. Do diet and androgens alter pros-
tate cancer risk via a common etiologic pathway? J. Natl. Cancer
Inst., 1994, 86, 252-255.
29. SMALL E.J., FROHLICH M.W., BOK R., SHINOHARA K.,
GROSSFELD G., ROZENBLAT Z., KELLY W.K., CORRY M.,
REESE D.M. Prospective trial of the herbal supplement PC-SPES in
patients with progressive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol., 2000, 18,
3595-3603.
30. SMITH R.E., DONACHIE A.M., MOWAT A.M. Immune stimula-
ting complexes as mucosal vaccines. Immunol. Cell Biol., 1998, 76,
263-268.
31. TIWARI R.K., GELIEBTER J., GARIKAPATY V.P., YEDAVELLI
S.P., CHEN S., MITTELMAN A. Anti-tumor effects of PC-SPES,
an herbal formulation in prostate cancer. Int. J. Oncol., 1999, 14,
713-719.
32. WANG S.Y., HSU M.L., HSU H.C., TZENG C.H., LEE S.S.,
SHIAO M.S., HO C.K. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma luci-
dum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages
and T lymphocytes. Int. J. Cancer, 1997, 70, 699-703.
33. WILT T.J., ISHANI A., STARK G., MACDONALD R., LAU J.,
MULROW C. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign pros-
tatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. JAMA, 1998, 280, 1604-
1608.
____________________
SUMMARY
PC SPES in prostate cancer: critical review of the literature.
PC SPES is a mixture of Chinese plants or plant extracts avai -
lable on unrestricted sale since 1996 in the treatment of prosta -
te cancer. Each of its components has been individually demons -
trated to have an antitumour action anti-neoplastic in various in
vitro or in vivo models. Its favourable action on hormone-resis -
tant prostate cancer, demonstrated in studies with only a short
follow-up, led to a certain publicity concerning this product,
and its unrestricted sale together with the possibility of purcha -
sing this product in other countries by Internet have led to the
use of this product by some patients in France without medical
advice or follow-up. This article presents a critical review of the
results of this product in prostate cancer.
K e y - Wo rds: Cancer, prostate, hormone-resistant, phlebitis,
432
____________________
Alexandre de la Taille, Progrès en Urologie (2001), 11, 428-432