Microéconomie de l’incertain Théories de l’agence
Stephen Shavell:
“Many economic arrangements which involve problems of risk sharing and incentives may be
described in terms of the principal and agent relationship. As previous writers have observed,
examples include not only the relationship between a professional and his client but also that between
insurer and insured, shareholders and management, and even society and a polluting firm. In all these cases,
one party, the principal, "enjoys" the outcome of the activity of the other party, the agent. The agent’s
effort (or expenditure or more generally, his action) together with a random element determines
the outcome. The principal then pays the agent a fee. For the case of a professional and his client this
description of the principal and agent relationship is obviously appropriate. The description may be seen to
apply to the other cases also and, indeed, to any relationship where only one of the parties directly
influences the probability distribution of the outcome. (Shavell, 1979).”
Il ressort de cet extrait que la théorie des contrats nous parle fondamentalement de situations où deux
agents économiques — dont l’un agit pour le compte de l’autre contre un paiement —établissent
une relation contractuelle (au sens large) dans un contexte général marqué par l’incertitude.
Selon les deux auteurs, ce schéma général présente l’immense intérêt de rendre compte de nombreuses
situations économiques concrètes comme, par exemple, les relations salariales, les délégations de
pouvoir, mais aussi les problèmes d’assurance, voire même de pollution.
Relation principal-agent
L’économie des contrats