
Traduction de l’introduction
The globalization of economies has seen the emergence of new practices, new actors and
original representations in developing countries in the sphere of regulation in urban domains
(such as urban services, land ownership etc), at both the local and global levels. The term
governance, used by international organizations such as the World Bank, researchers in the
social sciences and experts working in the area of development, has aimed to take into
account these evolutions. It has become necessary to construct a term that allows us to analyse
the interactions between global dynamics, national considerations and local initiatives
simultaneously. At the same time, it should take into account the fact that the separation
between the public and private domains is becoming increasingly vague. Meanwhile, the way
international donors look at poverty in developmental politics has known a major turnaround.
For one, there is new emphasis on the participation of the population in the deliverance of
programs, as seen from the new “poverty reduction strategy papers”, initiated by actors of
development, with the support of those at the World Bank. The broad-based participation of
civil society and a certain restoration of the State reflect that the interaction between local and
international actors has become the basic conditions of a “good governance”. Nevertheless,
the various meanings of the term have rapidly generated much confusion and ambiguity about
what it really means. It is difficult to establish a unique definition of the ‘governance’. Even if
“good governance” is the dominant term, along with its underlying ideologies, methodologies
and theories, is it necessary that it is abandoned in order to establish new senses of
governance? Is it not possible for us to build up a new conception of what governance means?
The plurality of conceptions about governance is at the root of many debates, which we will
go on to examine by looking at three main issues.
First of all, the debate concerns the founding hypothesis of the different perceptions of
governance. The normative vision of governance, which has traditionally been the dominant
approach, seeks to decree the most efficient means of attaining economic growth (namely
liberalization, deregulation and privatization). Confronting this normative vision is the
positive approach, which leads us to question the different forms which consensus between
different actors can take, whilst taking into consideration not only the economic environment,
but also the social and political aspects of the society. Besides that, governance also presents
the challenge of rethinking the links between the State and the Market, involving a third actor,
the civil society. In the course of analyze of these interactions, supporters of "good
governance", who are implicitly also supporters of a predominant market, are placed in