Sur l`expérience de Desaguliers - Ampère et l`histoire de l`électricité

-B?!H<??8G  BXG  *8CG8@5E8 EHAB!
Sur l’expérience de Desaguliers
&#!("!(""!&! &
C4EBruno JECH
#L6R8#RBA68-<8?=8HK#4)B6;8??8
!!
@!4,:.%!*! ! +*/%/0*08 :2%!.1*"%(!0 @!18(@% ! @1*$),
:(!0.%-1!!/0%%*(5/:! @1*,+%*0 !21!0$:+.%-1!!-1%,!.)!00. !)+*0.!.-1@!((!
*@:0(%0!*11*!)*%;.!(,.!12! 1.0;.!,+(%.! !(@!1( :2%0%+*+/!.2:!
!2*0<0.! !//!*0%!((!)!*000.%1:!8(@!4%/0!*! !/%+*/.:/1(0*0 !(@10+,.+0+(5/!
-1!1/! ! .0;.! ,+(%.! /! .:2;(! !* .!2*$! ,(!%*!)!*0 !* ,.:/!*! @+* !/
:%):0.%-1!//%%!*-1!(@1/#! !/"+1./8)%.++* !/.!/0!()!%((!1.!&1/0%"%0%+*
,: #+#%-1! 1 %0.0;.!
= (*@5,/ !/%),(%%0:2:.%0(!
(*@5-1! !//%),(%"%0%+*/ >
Léon-Paul Fargue +1/((),!
#4?86GHE87HAH@REB7H1, 78=H<AERF8EI8HA8FHECE<F878G4<??8 74AF
HA4EG<6?89BEG<AGRE8FF4AG8EGE4A7.&# 8G;E<FG<A8#&%# ABHF<A9BE@8AGDH8?4
CB?4E<F4G<BA 7bBE<8AG4G<BA Ab8FG C4F ?4 CE<A6<C4?8 E8FCBAF45?8 78 ?4 7RI<4G<BA 7bHA 9<?8G
7b84HCERF8AGROHA8G<:8R?86GE<FR823 68FBAG?8F<BAF;L7EBKL78F8GBKBA<H@DH<8A
F8E4<8AG?464HF8?4E:8@8AGCER7B@<A4AG8A68?4?8HE<AG8ECERG4G<BAFbBCCBF89EBAG4?8
@8AGO?b<AG8ECERG4G<BABEG;B7BK8BE<:<A87<CB?4<E878?47RI<4G<BA7b4<??8HEFB99<6<4?<FR8
C4E7<E86G<I8F@<A<FGRE<8??8F6B@@8?8E4CC8??8AG68F4HG8HEFCESFGBHGCBHEDHB<C4F 
8 A8 F8E4<G C4F ?4 CE8@<SE8 9B<F DH8 ?4 C;LF<DH8 8AF8<:AR8 F8EE4<G CBA6GH8??8@8AG 8A
7RF466BE74I86?4C;LF<DH8DH<F894<GIB<E84I86?8F94<GF@T@8F78?4A4GHE8$4<F<?
8FGIE4<DHb<?8FG7<99<6<?878A8C4FFH66B@58E4HKFR7H6G<BAF78?b8KC?<64G<BABEG;B7BK8
8GDH868HKDH<AbLBAGC4FE86BHEH?H<=8GG8AG?4CE8@<SE8C<8EE8 8A4L4AGABHF@T@8F
HFRABHFA8F8EBAFC4F7868HK?OAGBHG64F<?F8@5?8DH8?8FH=8GFHF6<G8<AG8EEB:4
G<BAF 8G 7R54GF FHE ?4 +B<?8  8G 7BA6 4CC8??8 HA8 ERCBAF8 4CCEB9BA7<8 7b4HG4AG DH8
68EG4<AFCB<AGF4I4A6RF74AF ?b4EG<6?8 6<GR 6<78FFHF ABHFF8@5?8AGDH8?DH8C8H 6BAG8F
G45?8F
                                              
 -B<EC4E8K8@C?8?89BEH@7HF<G8101.%!*! 
http://forums.futura-sciences.com/chimie
*HE?b8KCRE<8A68788F4:H?<8EF
\
!1, AY 
4EDH8??88FG?4CEB5?R@4G<DH8 
'" !  ?47RI<4G<BAR?86GE<DH87bHA9<?8G7b84HCEBHI8G8??8?864E46
GSE8CB?4<E87868?<DH<78 #4ERCBAF88FG64GR:BE<DH8@8AG 6B@@8ABHF?87R@BA
GE8EBAF6<4CESF8G<?ABHF94H7E47BA67RFBE@4<FABHFE8A7E8O68GG8<ARI<78A68
 " ! ?8 EV?8 78 ?4 CB?4E<F4G<BA 7bBE<8AG4G<BA 74AF ?8 CEB68FFHF 78
7RI<4G<BA8FG<? Z @4E:<A4? [6B@@8?b4I4A68AG  .&# 8G  #&%#  ? ABHF 94HG
R:4?8@8AGERCBA7E8 O68GG8DH8FG<BA64E74AF?b499<E@4G<I8?8E<FDH88FG:E4A778
AR:?<:8ECHE8@8AG8GF<@C?8@8AG?8C;RAB@SA878CB?4E<F4G<BA
4AF68DH<FH<GABHFRG45?<EBAF7BA6?bRDH4G<BA7bRIB?HG<BA7H6;4@CR?86GE<DH8
O ?b<AGRE<8HE 7bHA8 :BHGG8 7b84H FC;RE<DH8 _ C?HF F<@C?8 O RGH7<8E DHbHA 9<?8G 7b84H 8A
@BHI8@8AG _C?46R874AFHA6;4@CHA<9BE@8RDH4G<BADH<98E44CC4E4UGE8HA8+*/0*0!
!0!),/ 7bRG45?<FF8@8AG78?b:-1%(%.!:(!0.%-1!4AF?864F78?b84HCHE8O Y
68GG86BAFG4AG878G8@CF8FG78?bBE7E878?468AG4<A878@<6EBF86BA78F68DH<94<GDHb8A
HA8@<??<F86BA78?4:BHGG84GG8<AGHARG4G7bRDH<?<5E8R?86GE<DH8\4AA<;<?4AGGBHG8CB?4
E<F4G<BA7bBE<8AG4G<BA
4AF HA 78HK<S@8 G8@CF ABHF G<8A7EBAF 6B@CG8 78 ?4 AR68FF4<E8 <A;B@B:RAR<GR
FC4G<4?87H6;4@CR?86GE<DH8CBHE7RI<8E68GG8:BHGG88GFBH?<:A8EBAFDH8??88FG?4?BA:H8HE
64E46GRE<FG<DH8C8EG<A8AG874AF?bRGH787868CEB68FFHF%BHFRI4?H8EBAF8AFH<G8?49BE68
DH8 FH5<G 68GG8 :BHGG8 68 DH< ABHF C8E@8GGE4 78 IB<E 6B@@8AG BCG<@<F8E ?4 FBHE68 7H
6;4@CR?86GE<DH8
A9<A 74AF HA GEB<F<S@8 G8@CF ABHF CEBCBF8EBAF 78HK GE4<G8@8AGF 4?G8EA4G<9F 7H
CEB5?S@88A89986GH4AG7bHA8C4EGHA84A4?LF8;4E@BA<DH878?b8KCRE<8A688G7b4HGE8C4EG
8A:RARE4?<F4AG?8CEBCBFC4EHA84A4?LF847<@8AF<BAA8??878?bRDH4G<BAER:<FF4AG?86;4@C
R?86GE<DH874AFHA@<?<8HCB?4<E86BA7H6G8HE#BEFDHb<?Fb4:<E478@8GGE88ARI<78A68?8
64E46GSE8CB?4<E878?b84HABHFF8EBAF4?BEF9BA7RFOE8=8G8E7R9<A<G<I8@8AG?b<A47RDH4G8
8KCRE<8A6878?47RI<4G<BAR?86GE<DH87bHA9<?8G4DH8HK8A?H<FH5FG<GH4AGHA84HGE88KCR
E<8A68\7bHA854A4?<GRDHBG<7<8AA8
$4<F4HC4E4I4AG7<FBAFHA@BGFHE68?H<DH<9HG?8CE8@<8EOE4CCBEG8E?b8KCRE<8A68
78?47RI<4G<BAR?86GE<DH87bHA9<?8G4DH8HKDH<ABHFB66HC8<6<
1. À PROPOS DE JOHN THEOPHILUS DESAGULIERS
(H4GBEM84AF4CESF?4@BEG78%.+&%OHA8RCBDH8BW?4F6<8A6878?bR?86GE<6<GR
8A RG4<G 8A6BE8 O 54?5HG<8E ?b8KCRE<8A68 78 ?4 7RI<4G<BA R?86GE<DH8 7bHA 9<?8G 7b84H 9HG
ER4?<FR8CBHE?4CE8@<SE89B<F9<A4BXG78I4AG?4+5(+%!05 C4E?bHA78F8F;BAB
E45?8F@8@5E8F!B;A+;8BC;<?HF*,# )* 23C 8?H<6<
DH<4I4<G7R=O89986GHRGBHG8HA8FRE<87b8KCRE<8A68FFHE?bR?86GE<6<GR78CH<F8A9<G
HA86B@C<?4G<BA74AFHA8%//!.00%+* ER7<:R88A9E4AQ4<F8GCE<@R8C4E?b647R@<878
BE784HK8A23 ?L8KCBF8?47<G88KCRE<8A686B@@8FH<G
                                             
-B?!H<??8G  BXG  *8CG8@5E8 EHAB!
= 4,:.%!*!   % (@+* "%0 &+1!. @1*! "+*0%*! .0%"%%!((! 1* ,!0%0 &!0 @!1
@!*2%.+*1*-1.0 !(%#*! ! %);0.!278?bBE7E878 @@3 !/!*$10+1
!$10!*/ -1* +*,,.+$!(!0151".+00:(!&!0/!+1.!2!./(!01518
( %/0*! @1*,%! 28AI<EBA 6@3  !0/%(@+*,,.+$!(!0151,(1/,.;/(!&!0
:0*00+10!),+.0:,.(!0151/!$*#!!*.+/:!/1.(!0151@!/08 %.!/@,
,(%-1!10151!*,!0%0!/#+100!/,+1.21-1!(!&!0*@%0,/0.+, !"+.! !&%((%. >
23C 
*,# )* 7R6E<GC4E4<??8HEF?894@8HKZ GHL4H [DHb<?HG<?<F4CBHE89986GH8E68GG8
8KCRE<8A68_CER6<F<BADH<ABHFF8E4HG<?8C4E?4FH<G8 
= !0151 !2!..! +*0+*/!/!.0+. %*%.!)!*0 */(!/!4,:.%!*!/:(!0.%-1!/ +%0
2+%.!*2%.+*0.+%/,%! /+10.+%/,%! /!0 !)% !(+*#1!1.2FB<G 6@O @3
1*,+1!!0 !)% ! %);0.!278?bBE7E878 6@3 !0!*2%.+*1*!(%#*! @:,%//!1.
278?bBE7E878 @@3\ >23C 
I4AG*,# )*BA4I4<G7R=OB5F8EIRHA8<AG8E46G<BA8AGE884H8G6BECFR?86
GE<FRFSF?b4A.<??<4@ #)+ 4I4<GF<:A4?R74AFFBA!#*!0!  DHbHA8:BHGG8
7b84HCBFR8FHEHA8FHE94685<8AFS6;88FG4GG<ER88G7R9BE@R8C4E78?b4@5E89EBGGR23
                                              
Figure 1 : !B;A+;8BC;<?HF*,# )*Figure 2 : EBAG<FC<6878?4 %//!.00%+*
!!/#1(%!./
 #8!#*!0! CH5?<R8A78.<??<4@ #)+ @R786<A78?4E8<A8?<F458G;8EC8HG
TGE86BAF<7RER6B@@8?8CE8@<8EGE4<GR7bR?86GE<6<GR8G78@4:ARG<F@87<:A87868AB@b8FG?H<DH<<AGEB
7H<F<G74AF?8?4A:4:8F6<8AG<9<DH8B66<78AG4??8G8E@8R?86GE<DH89BE:ROC4EG<E7H:E86dfcejihgF<:A<9<4AG
).!&1*!
*HE?b8KCRE<8A68788F4:H?<8EF
\
!1, AY 
C ,A4HGE85E<G4AA<DH8*G8C;8A)0 DH<8A@<G8ARI<78A68
68DH8ABHF4CC8?BAF4H=BHE7b;H<?4+* 10%2%0::(!0.%-1! _ 8GFBA6BAGE4<E8 _8G4I86
DH<*,# )* 6B??45BE4)0 7BA6 @BAGE4 8A =4AI<8EDHb<?CBHI4<G7R9BE@8E
R?86GE<DH8@8AG?4FHE9468?<5E87bHA884H6BAG8AH874AFHAER6<C<8AG<FB?R8G@T@8?bR?86
GE<9<8E238KCRE<8A68FDH8E4CCBEG8R:4?8@8AG*,# )* 8KCRE<8A68/ 23C 
$4<F6B@@8?bR6E<G?bR@<A8AG!BF8C;') *+#0 74AF?bHA878FGBHG8F
CE8@<SE8F;<FGB<E8F78?bR?86GE<6<GR 
=2*,# )*3)%0!*:2% !*!(@00.0%+* !(@!1,.1*0151!4%0: @1*!"9+*
%!* )!%((!1.! -1! !( *! (@2%0 :0: "%0 1,.2*0 8 /2+%. !* ,,.+$*0 (!
0151 @1*&!0%//1 @1*!"+*0%*! !+),.!//%+*&!0-1% !!"%0/@%*(%**+0+%
.!)!*0 */( %.!0%+* 10151 > 23C 
*< ?b4CCBEG 78 *,# )* O ?4 6BAA4<FF4A68 78 ?bR?86GE<6<GR E8FG8 FB@@8 GBHG8
@B78FG8F46BAGE<5HG<BA9HGAR4A@B<AF9BA74@8AG4?8@8AGAR68FF4<E88AHA8CRE<B78BW
?b8@C<E<DH8:H<74<G?8FCE8@<8EFC4F7bHA8F6<8A68DH<F86;8E6;4<G'4E4<??8HEFABHF?H<
FB@@8FE878I45?8FFHE?8C?4AG8E@<AB?B:<DH8A8998GGBH=BHEF74AFF4%//!.00%+*<?
R6E<G 
= +1/ ,,!((!.+*/ %,.;/ (! 26BECF3 *+* :(!0.%-1! :0!* 1 !* (+*# -1% .!9+%0
(@:(!0.%%0:(!+* 10!1. !(@:(!0.%%0:? > 23C 
#b8KCE8FF<BA8FGE8FGR8 6b8FGO*,# )* DH8ABHF78IBAF?b4CC8??4G<BA+* 10!1.
:(!0.%-1!
,A78EA<8ECB<AG4A867BG<DH88HR:4E74HFH=8GDH<ABHFCERB66HC8 <?I478FB<DH8
*,# )* 9HG8GE8FG8HAF6<8AG<9<DH85E<G4AA<DH8$4<F<?A4DH<G?8@4EFO\
#4)B6;8??8BW<?E8QHG?8CERAB@78!84A+;RBC;<?88GBW<?A8IR6HGDH8DH8?DH8F@B<F 
FBACSE8C4FG8HECEBG8FG4AG7XGR@<:E8E4I86F494@<??8OH8EA8F8L7H94<G78FC8EFR6H
G<BAF4AG<;H:H8ABG8F_ ABHFFB@@8F4?BEFO78HK4AF78?4ERIB64G<BA78?bN7<G78%4AG8F
%8H94AFC?HFG4E7?494@<??8Fb<AFG4??4O#BA7E8FAFH<G8*,# )*DH<466R74O?4
CETGE<F8 4A:?<64A8 F8 6BAF46E4 O 78F GE4I4HK E8@4EDHRF 74AF 7<I8EF 7B@4<A8F F6<8AG<
9<DH8F8GG86;A<DH8F ?9HGCE<FFBHF?b4<?8CEBG86GE<6878%.+&% 7BAG<?9HG?bHA78F4@<F
8G78FC?HF98EI8AGFCEBC4:4G8HEF78F<7R8FG4668FFB<E8@8AG<?C4EG<6<C446G<I8@8AGO
?46ER4G<BA78?49E4A6@4QBAA8E<8@B78EA8
2. MODÉLISATION DE L’ÉLECTRISATION D’UN ÉLÉMENT AQUEUX
2.1. Champ électrique intérieur à une goutte d’eau
4AFHAFBH6<78F<@C?<9<64G<BAABHFAb4??BAFC4F6BAF<7RE8EHA9<?8G7b84H@4<F
F<@C?8@8AGHA8:BHGG8 7b84H@RFBF6BC<DH8  FHCCBFR8FC;RE<DH878IB?H@8 _ ABHF
CBHEEBAF4<AF<HF8E7868EG4<AFERFH?G4GF6?4FF<DH8FF4AF4IB<EO?8FE87R@BAGE8E _8G7BAG
j
                                             
 8GG8F<@C?<9<64G<BAABHFRI<G8E47b4IB<EOE86BHE<E4H9BE@4?<F@88H?RE<8AF4AFCBHE4HG4AG?<@<G8E?4CBEGR8
7HCEBCBFA8998G?4GE4=86GB<E87868GG8:BHGG8Fb<78AG<9<8OHA8?<:A8786BHE4AG8AER:<@8RG45?<8G7BAA8
4<AF<?b4??HE87H9<?8G7b84HFBHF?b46G<BA7bHA6;4@CR?86GE<DH8
-B?!H<??8G  BXG  *8CG8@5E8 EHAB!
?8E4LBA8FG7b4H @B<AF  @@  ABHFE8FG8EBAF78 68 94<G 74AF ?8647E878 ?b4CCEBK<
@4G<BA7HER:<@8DH4F<FG4G<BAA4<E8)(*G4AGDH8?8F7HER8F64E46GRE<FG<DH8F78FC;R
AB@SA8FRGH7<RFF8EBAGFHCRE<8HE8FO 
]?b<AFG4AG FBH@8GGBAF4?BEF68GG8:BHGG8OHA6;4@CR?86GE<DH8HA<9BE@88G
FG4G<BAA4<E8 787<E86G<BAHA<G4<E8 
Figure 3 : BHGG87b84HFBH@<F8OHA6;4@CR?86GE<DH8HA<9BE@8
86;4@CR?86GE<DH84CBHE8998G7bBE<8AG8E?8F@B@8AGF7<CB?4<E8F@B?R6H?4<E8F78
?b84H68DH< 6BA7H<G O ?b4CC4E<G<BA4HF8<A 78 ?4 :BHGG87bHA$), ! ,+(.%/0%+*
_ BH78AF<GRIB?H@<DH878@B@8AGF7<CB?4<E8F _8G7BA68AFHE94687bHA878AF<GR7bR?86
GE<6<GR 7bBE<:<A87<CB?4<E88G7b8KCE8FF<BA 
,A64?6H?6?4FF<DH8_ IB<EC4E8K8@C?823C BH23C  _@BAGE8DH868GG8
7<FGE<5HG<BA786;4E:8F6ER84?BEFHA6;4@CR?86GE<DH87b8KCE8FF<BA 
'4E4<??8HEF?b84HRG4AGHA@<?<8H<BA<DH84H@B<AF7H94<G78FBA4HGBCEBGB?LF8<?
L44CC4E<G<BA7bHA6BHE4AGG8@CBE4<E874AF?4:BHGG88G7BA67bHA8466H@H?4G<BAFHCC?R
@8AG4<E8786;4E:88AFHE9468#46BAF8EI4G<BA78?bR?86GE<6<GR<@CBF84?BEFDH8?4I4E<4
G<BA78?46;4E:87bBE<:<A8<BA<DH88AFHE9468 FB<GR:4?8O?46;4E:8GE4AFCBEGR8C4E
?86BHE4AG<BA<DH87878AF<GR 68DH<<@C?<DH8 
?Fb8AFH<GDHbOHA<AFG4AG 7BAAR ?4 78AF<GR FHE946<DH8 4HA88KCE8FF<BA78?4
9BE@8 BW 8FG?478AF<GR7bR?86GE<6<GR7bBE<:<A8<BA<DH88A 8G6ER8
7BA64HF8<A78?4:BHGG8HA6;4@CR?86GE<DH8 
/10310 10s
4812––
$.
t0=
EEu
0
=
0
u
P
p
v
() ()cosPP u
pn
$vii= =
dS
i
v
Ji
/()cosd dS dt JdSdt dJ u
iii
n&$viv== i
_i
i
v
()cos
i0
vi
i0
v
0i=
/3E
-
u
ii00
vf=
_i
                                              
1 / 24 100%

Sur l`expérience de Desaguliers - Ampère et l`histoire de l`électricité

La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !