A. Mauffret et al. / C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des planètes / Earth and Planetary Sciences 333 (2001) 659–667
Abridged version
In the hot spot reference frame [12, 16, 28] the Carib-
bean plate is fixed whereas the North and South America
plates are moving towards the west. The resulting features
are the Lesser Antilles subduction zone, thetranspressional
motion in the north and south boundaries of the Caribbean
plate and the subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the
Middle America trench (figure 1). Since the Eocene, the
motion between North America and the Caribbean plate is
well constrained [20] by the magnetic anomalies generated
by the Cayman spreading centre. Before the Eocene there
is no direct evidence of such a motion and two hypotheses
have been proposed.In the first one [17,27], the Caribbean
has been formed in situ between the America plates. In
the second one [12, 31, 36], the Caribbean large igneous
province (CLIP) resulted from the Cretaceous activity of
the Galapagos hot spot. The hot and thick plateau could
not subduct and a flip from eastern to western vergence
occurred. The new subduction zone was located beneath
the Greater Antilles arc, which moved towards the east
relative to the America plates (figure 2). A target of
the CASIS 2 multichannel (24 fold) seismic cruise was
to investigate the relationships between this arc and the
Caribbean Igneous Province.
Aves Ridge. It is a remnant arc separated from the
Lesser Antilles arc by the Palaeocene opening of the
Grenada basin [3]. The DSDP Site 148 [13] and ex-
ploratory boreholes on the Saba Bank [7, 18, 29] sampled
Palaeocene–Campanian (53–83 Ma) volcanic-clastic sed-
iments. Reworked Cretaceous nannofossils and coal frag-
ments, probably eroded from a nearby high, occur within
Oligocene–Miocene layers. K/Ar ages on the andesites
sampled by the wells and dredged [3, 32] indicate that
the basement is Early Palaeocene (64.5 Ma) to Maas-
trichtian (66 Ma) in age. Tuffaceous micrites dredged on
the northwestern slope of Aves Ridge have been faunis-
tically dated [3] from Upper Turonian (90 Ma) to Lower
Senonian (84 Ma). The industrial seismic profiles [7],
which cross the eroded high located in the western part
of the Saba Bank, demonstrate that the Cretaceous layers
are 3 km thick. The first profile of CASIS 2 (figure 3)
shows the slope of Aves Ridge with several slumpings,
as illustrated by previous seismic lines [32]. Deep-water
contour currents form small waves on the seafloor of the
Puerto Rico basin [11]. The seismic profile shows a prob-
able mud diapir that rises from an Oligocene layer that
might be undercompacted. A wedge between the Eocene
(A reflector) and the Cretaceous basement is contempora-
neous of the activity of the Aves arc and probably made of
volcanic-clastic sediments. The acoustic basement is not
flat and seems different from the basaltic flows that oc-
cur at the top of the volcanic plateau (B reflector) to the
west. The refraction data [30] show that the CLIP has a
thin crust (less than 10 km) in the Puerto Rico basin. The
flip of subduction from an eastward vergence to a west-
ward dip is supposed [31, 36] to be related to the arrival
at the trench, during the Cretaceous (100–92 Ma), of a
thick and hot oceanic plateau that could not subduct be-
neath the America plates. However, the occurrenceof thick
crust is restricted to the south of the Greater Antilles where
a northeast verging subduction may have occurred in the
Cretaceous [19]. The Greater Antilles arc, including the
Nicaragua rise [36], collided with the North America plate
from west to east (figure 2) during its northeastward rela-
tive motion. The first collision event occurred between the
Nicaragua Rise and the Yucatan and then the motion of the
Caribbean plate towards the northeast stopped and oriented
more eastwards. The Aves ridge formation is the conse-
quence (figure 2B) of this change in direction. A Senon-
ian age (84 Ma) for the dredged sediments on the Saba
Bank [3] fits with the reconstruction proposed [36] in fig-
ure 2A, whereas a Late Turonian age (90 Ma) disagrees
with such a picture.
Nicaragua Rise. The thickest (15–20 km) part of the
Caribbean volcanic province is located below the Beata
Ridge [4, 24] that is crossed by our survey. The Hess
escarpment that separates the Colombia basin from the
NicaraguaRise is the Cretaceous plate boundary (figure 2).
The andesitic rocks sampled by the exploratory wells [1,
15] drilled on the ridge suggest a Late Cretaceous–Pala-
eocene arc in the upper part of the rise, whereas the
lower part has a Campanian basaltic basement belonging
to the Caribbean volcanic province,as demonstrated by the
DSDP Site 152 [13] and ODP 1001 [37]. The upper part
is separated from the lower part by the Pedro escarpment.
The CASIS 2 seismic profiles have been correlated with
the ODP 1001 Site. We do not see on the lower Nicaragua
Rise any evidence of Mesozoic subduction, but a recent ex-
tensionaltectonics is shown [6] by the seismic profiles (fig-
ure 4). The normal faults strike north–south and an earth-
quake focal mechanism (Centroid Moment Tensor, CMT;
Harvard) in a graben, near the Neogene [39] volcanic is-
lands of Andres and Providencia (figure 1), indicates that
the extension is presently active. Moreover, another fo-
cal mechanism suggests that the Hess and Pedro escarp-
ment faults have a left-lateral motion rather than a dex-
tral one as supposed in several previous papers [2, 21, 33].
In Costa Rica, the subduction of the Cocos plate is al-
most blocked by the Cocos ridge and the adjacent rough
oceanic crust [14, 38] as well as the compressional stress
is transmitted to the Panamanian prism and probably to the
Colombia basin [5, 34]. The Santa Helena suture [2, 8],
which is connected to the Hess escarpment, is correlated
with a transition zone from extension in Nicaragua to com-
pression in Costa Rica. Moreover, we observe (figure 1)
an offset of the volcanic arc and a shallowing from 200 to
100 km of the subduction zone beneath this arc. The tec-
tonic activity in Central America may be correlated to a
squeeze of the Caribbean plate between the America plates
that undergoes an increase of the convergence from east to
west [28]. The push of the Colombia basin by the Cocos
plate may have also an influence in internal motion and de-
formation into the Caribbean plate [25].
In conclusion, the CASIS 2 seismic profiles do not
show any evidence of Mesozoic subduction dipping to-
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