Abstract
The identification and programmed death of cancer cells, using a genetic
circuit, have been successfully achieved in cell culture within our research group,
shortly before I started my thesis. This gene circuit can analyse a combination of six
microRNAs that acts as a cancer signature. When the circuit meets the correct level
of expression of each microRNA, it produces a killing protein that destroys the cancer
cell. Based on these promising results, an ambitious project has been undertaken to
develop an efficient therapeutic method against cancerous tumours with minimal side
effects. There is a very long list of technical specifications and biological
complications that needs to be addressed before moving toward the pre-clinical
phase. In my thesis, I have specifically focused on two challenges, namely,
minimising the false positive rate to improve the safety of the system, and reducing
the size of the circuit to fit into efficient gene therapy vehicles.
Although the cell identification performed by the original gene circuit was
overall excellent, the reliability of the system was compromised by some persistent
mistakes. Hence, some cancer cells were not identified as such, and some healthy
cells were killed by the circuit. The gene circuit is designed to identify more reliably
the cancer cells and to decrease the side effects, therefore, the false positive
identification was a priority issue to address. To understand what causes the
mistakes of computation, the dynamic of the circuit performance was analysed from
the delivery of the DNA program until the expression of all circuit components has
reached the steady state. The analysis of the dynamic revealed that almost every
time a healthy microRNA profile was incorrectly identified as cancerous, this was
immediately after the delivery while the circuit is still assembling. Then, it has been
demonstrated that in some cells the regulatory mechanism is delayed, resulting in
uncontrolled expression of the output. To solve this problem, a site specific
recombinase was employed to engineer a mechanism that withholds the output until
the other components, which control the output, are fully functioning and optimally
connected. The timing of desynchronization between the output and the controllers
can be entirely programmed to work in an autonomous fashion inside the cells. This
innovation resulted in striking effects on circuit performance, enabling the elimination
of circuit’s leakage in the presence of a not-cancerous microRNA profile. With a
dynamic range of up to 2000-fold, the performance of the circuit can be considered
as digital, which is a vast improvement over previously published data computed with
endogenous inputs.