PHD PROJECT 
 
Study of breast cancer cell plasticity : Identification of the factors involved 
in reprogramming of non-tumorigenic cells into cancer stem cells. 
 
The  goal  of  this  project  is  to  identify  the  mechanisms  driven  radiatio-induced  cell 
reprogramming of non-tumorigenic cells into cells with cancer stem cell phenotype. 
Thi  projet  will  follow  2  axes:  (i)  a  study  of  the  soluble  factors  (growth 
factors/Cytokines/chemokynes and  microvessicles)  involved in  the  reprogramming 
process  and  (ii)  a  study  of  intracellular  cell  signaling  and  epigenetic  modifications 
driven the reexpression of factors involved in cancer stem cell phenotype. 
 
Study of breast cancer cell plasticity. 
While  cancer  cell  population  has  been  though  to  be  clonal,  there  is  increasing 
evidence for the "cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis", which holds that cancers are 
driven by a cellular component that has stem cell properties, including self-renewal, 
tumorigenicity and multi-lineage differentiation capacity. Researchers and oncologists 
see in this model an explanation as to why cancer may be so difficult to cure, as well 
as a promising ground for novel therapeutic strategies.  
Breast cancer stem cells have been for the first time prospectively identified by Al-
Hajj in 2003 (Al-Hajj, PNAS  2003). Since then, research effort has been focused on 
the  identification  of  cancer  stem  cells  by  different  molecular  markers  and  the 
phenotypic characterization of  these  cells. Several  markers  have  been  proposed  to 
identify  a  “purer”  population  of  Breast  CSCs,  CD44high/CD24-/low,  ALDH1+,  low 
proteasome activity. Increasing pre-clinical and translational evidence suggests that 
CSCs can mediate tumor metastasis (Guler et al Mod Pathol 2013; Leth-Larsen et al 
Mol Med  2013; Wei  et  al  Trans Med  2012) and  are  resistant  to conventional anti-
cancer  therapeutics  that  contributes  to  recurrence.  These  findings  have  led  to  the 
proposal  that  targeting  CSCs  in  combination  with  conventional  or  other  targeted 
therapies may be required to eradicate cancer and efforts are underway to identify 
compounds  that  target  this  subpopulation  (Cufi  et  al  Oncotarget  2012; 
Gangopadhyay et al Clin Breast Cancer 2012; Prud’homme Curr Pharm Des 2012). 
However, we and others have recently challenged this assumption by demonstrating 
that CSCs could rise from a non-CSCs tumoral population after exposition to radiation 
therapy, chemotherapies or histone deacetylase inhibitors (Lagadec et al., Stem cells 
2012  ;  Debeb  BG  et  al.,  Stem  Cells  2012).  These  findings  represent  a  divergence 
from  the  unidirectional  hierarchical  model  of  CSCs  and  raise  the  possibility  that 
approaches to solely target CSCs will not be sufficient as therapeutic elimination of 
CSCs may be followed by their regeneration from residual non-CSCs allowing tumor 
regrowth  and  clinical  relapse.  These  observations  may  indeed  hold  great  promise 
with  regard  to  improving  cancer  treatment  in  general;  if  the  net  outcome  of 
established  anticancer  therapies  is  always  a  fine  balance  between  CSC  killing  and 
CSC  generation,  then  preventing  the  latter  process  using  targeted  therapies  could 
dramatically  shift  this  balance  to cell  killing,  even  at  much  lower  total  radiation 
doses.