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ABSTRACT
This thesis paper shows the development of a microsystem used to measure the refractive index
of samples having a volume similar to the one of a human cell. The device uses a Fabry-Perot
cavity made of integrated silicon Bragg mirrors. Microfluidic channels allow the insertion of a
solution in the cavity. The passage of a cell causes the refractive index in the cavity to change and
hence changes the optical length of the cavity. This causes a spectral shift of the Fabry-Perot
resonance. We are therefore able to detect changes in refractive index with high precision.
The work of A. Leblanc-Hotte and R. St-Gelais shown in [1], [2], [3] and [4] presents the first
versions of the device. The new design developed replaces rectangular waveguides by planar
waveguide and integrated silicon lens. This allows a stable beam in one dimension, which should
reduce divergence losses. Also, focusing the beam within a concave Fabry-Perot cavity enables
an increase of the spatial resolution of the device.
Geometrical optics simulations based on Matlab and Zemax were performed to determine the
geometrical parameters to use for the device. Zemax simulations determined radii of curvature of
the Bragg mirrors and the different length in the optical path. Matlab simulations have allowed us
to visualize the Gaussian beam radius and so give us the minimum width of the lenses and the
silicon Bragg mirrors. Also, using a Matlab code developed by R. St-Gelais in [4], we simulated
the optical transmission of the device, which allowed us to assess the main optical losses and the
expected Fabry-Perot signal.
The device fabrication was performed in the Laboratoire de microfabrication of Polytechnic
Montreal. The manufacturing process will be discussed in detail in this document.
We characterized the devices optically. A sensitivity of 725nm/RIU was observed with the use of
oil with certified refractive index. This result is consistent with the sensitivity of 500nm/RIU
illustrated in [2] and the one of 900nm/RIU illustrated in [3]. We obtain higher optical losses than
expected. The -45dB loss we observe is not a significant improvement over the prior device
illustrated in [2] which shows losses of -40dB to -50dB. We demonstrate the presence of higher
order modes in the Fabry-Pérot cavity and we connect these additional losses to excitation of
these modes. The proposed solution is to adjust the geometry of our concave Fabry-Perot cavity
so that higher order modes are equivalent to the fundamental mode resonance.