Summary
Economic theories aim at almost every aspect of individual and
collective life with the intention of explaining all of them. This is how
they are professed. The orthodox school of economics is governed by
the same rule of law, hence it claims to reach universality and
generality in the knowledge it produces. By doing so, these theories
tend to encompass the whole social field, for instance by pretending to
explain everything through market law.
It is the contention of this master’s thesis is that the neo-liberal
credo hidden within these theories contains normative intentions, in the
way of an anthropology, we might even say an ontology, unable to
conform itself to the demonstrative process, responsible for the
scientific status of a theory. The synthesis of the critical works of
different economists and sociologists presented here tries to shed light
on the normative process at work in mainstream economics by
isolating the unsubstantiated hypotheses on which it is based. It will
then be possible to conclude that modern mainstream economics is, in
actuality, an ideology that P. Bourdieu associates to popular belief by
appearing in the form of “self-evidence” and “natural” truths.
Keywords: economics, ideology, epistemology, methodology, social
sciences.