!
"!
La#topographie!!
#$%&'%!(!)*$+,-&.%,!/$-0!),0!,01$2,0!0$.+$3,04!$)),%!25-6.7%'%!),0!
&,%%'&5'%,0! '-,81)5%70! /$-0! /,0! %73'5-0! 7)5'3-7,04! /725.+%'%! /,!
-5.+,$.8!95%':5-0;;;!!
<5')(! /,! 3%$-/0! /7='0! %7$)'070! 1$%! ),0! ,81)5%$&,.%0! /,0! 0'>2),0!
/,%-',%0;!?$)3%7!),.%!25.%$3,!,&!),.%!9$%/',00,4!2,0!/725.+%,.%0!
,&!$+,-&.%',%0!-,!0,%$',-&!1$%+,-.0!-.)),!1$%&!0*')0!-*$+$',-&!,.!
6.,)6.,0!-5&'5-0!/*5%',-&$&'5-;!!!
@+$-&!29$6.,!,82.%0'5-4!29$6.,!2$A1!,&!29$6.,!B$)$/,!,-!=5%C&4!
')! =$.&! 0,! 1%71$%,%! ,&! 25--$D&%,! )*,-/%5'&! 5E! -5.0!$))5-0! ,&! ),0!
A5F,-0!/,!0*F!%,-/%,!0$-0!0,!1,%/,;!!!
G*5%',-&$&'5-4!2*,0&!.-,! 07%',!/,!&,29-'6.,0!,&! /,!25--$'00$-2,0!
6.'! =,%5-&! ,-! 05%&,! 6.,! ),0! 05%&',0! ,&! ),0! ,82.%0'5-0! ,-! 1),'-,!
-$&.%,!0,%5-&!072.%'&$'%,0!,&!$3%7$B),0;!
Les!trois!nords!!
En!orientation,!on!différencie!trois!sortes!de!nord!:!
Le#nord#magnétique#:!H*,0&!.-!,-/%5'&!0'&.7!1%>0!/.!1I),!J5%/4!(!)$!0.%=$2,!/,!)$!
K,%%,4!/$-0!),0!D),0!/,!)$!L,'-,!M)':$B,&94!/$-0!),0!K,%%'&5'%,0!/.!J5%/NO.,0&4!$.!H$-$/$;!
H*,0&! +,%0! 2,&! ,-/%5'&! 6.,! 15'-&,! )*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,! /,! )$! B5.005),;! P$! 150'&'5-! +$%',!
)73>%,A,-&!/*$--7,!,-!$--7,;!
Le#nord#géographique#:#H*,0&!2,!6.,!-5.0!$11,)5-0!25AA.-7A,-&!),!1I),!J5%/;!
H*,0&!)*,-/%5'&!5E!&5.0!),0!A7%'/',-0!$B5.&'00,-&;!
Le# nord# du# quadrillage# (cartésien# ou# de# la# carte)#:!P.%! .-,! 2$%&,!
&5153%$19'6.,4! ),! -5%/! /.! 6.$/%'))$3,! ,0&! %,1%70,-&7! 1$%! ),0! )'3-,0! -5%/N0./! /.!
6.$/%'))$3,;!Q)!F!$!.-,!)73>%,!/'==7%,-2,!,-&%,!),!-5%/!2$%&70',-!,&!),!-5%/!3753%$19'6.,!R)$!
K,%%,!,0&!%5-/,4!)$!2$%&,!,0&!1)$&,S;!
G*$'3.')),! /,! )$! B5.005),! 15'-&,! +,%0! ),! -5%/! A$3-7&'6.,4! ),! 9$.&! /*.-,! 2$%&,! topographique!'-/'6.,! ),! -5%/!
2$%&53%$19'6.,! ,&! ),0! A7%'/',-0! R(! -,! 1$0! 25-=5-/%,! $+,2! ),0! )'3-,0! /.! 6.$/%'))$3,S! '-/'6.,-&! ),! -5%/!
3753%$19'6.,;! G*$-3),! 6.'! 071$%,! 29$2.-! /,! 2,0! &%5'0! 15'-&0! 0*$11,)),! déclinaison;!!P.%! .-,! carte#
topographique4!)$!%,)$&'5-!,-&%,!2,0!&%5'0!-5%/!+$%',%$!,-!=5-2&'5-!/,!)*,A1)$2,A,-&!/,!)$!2$%&,!1$%!%$115%&!$.!
-5%/!A$3-7&'6.,!,&!3753%$19'6.,;!@'-0'4!0.%!),0!2$%&,0!&5153%$19'6.,0!"!T!UV!VVV4!)$!/72)'-$'05-!A$3-7&'6.,!,0&!
'-/'6.7,!,-!=5-2&'5-!/.!-5%/!2$%&70',-!,&!-5-!/.!-5%/!3753%$19'6.,;!W,!)$!2$%&,!(!)$!B5.005),4!')!F!$!/5-2!.-!1,&'&!
2$)2.)!0.11)7A,-&$'%,!(!=$'%,!15.%!5B&,-'%!),!-5%/!3753%$19'6.,!(!1$%&'%!/,!)$!B5.005),;!
La!boussole!!
G*'-+,-&'5-! /,! )$! B5.005),! %,A5-&,! (! 1).0! /,! "VVV! $-0! $+$-&! X70.0NH9%'0&!
$)5%0!6.,!),0! H9'-5'0! ,-!/725.+%'%,-&!),!1%'-2'1,;!#.'04!),! 1%'-2'1,!$!7+5).7;!
G,0!$%29'+,0!/7A5-&%,-&!6.,!)$!B5.005),!(!$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,!=.&!.&')'07,!1$%!
),0!-$+'3$&,.%0!29'-5'0!+,%0!""VV4!1$%!),0!A$%29$-/0!$%$B,0!+,%0!"YYV!,&!),0!
<'Z'-3! +,%0! "YUV;! M)),! ,0&! 1$007,! /*.-,! 3%$/.$&'5-! /,! [Y! 0,2&,.%0! (! .-,!
3%$/.$&'5-!/,![\V];!G,0!A')'&$'%,0!.&')'0,-&!/,0!B5.005),0!1).0!1%72'0,0!/*.-,!
3%$/.$&'5-!/,!\^VV!A'))'>A,0;!
!
Y!
Les!types!de!boussoles!et!leur!utilisation!
G$! B5.005),! $! /'==7%,-&0! .0$3,0!,&! 29$6.,! .0$3,! $! B,05'-! /*$/$1&$&'5-0! 1%51%,0;! @'-0'! ),! A$%'-4! ),! A')'&$'%,4!
)*'-37-',.%!,-!37-',!2'+')!5.!),!25-2.%%,-&!/*.-,!25.%0,!/*5%',-&$&'5-!-,!=5-&!1$0!,8$2&,A,-&!),!ACA,!.0$3,!/,!)$!
B5.005),4!6.'!+$%',!/5-2!0,)5-!),0!.&')'0$&'5-0;!
Boussole!d'orientation!
H*,0&! )$! 1).0! 0'A1),! ,&! )$! 1).0! 25.%$-&,;! Q)! 0*$3'&! ),! 1).0! 05.+,-&! /*.-,! 1)$6.,! /,! 1)$0&'6.,! %,2&$-3.)$'%,4!
25A15%&$-&!/,0!3%$/.$&'5-0!0.%!),0!2I&70!15.%!A,0.%,%!),0!/'0&$-2,0!0.%!.-,!2$%&,4!,&!0.%!)$6.,)),!,0&!A5-&7,!)$!
B5.005),;!G,!A5-&$-&!/,!)$!B5.005),!1,.&!&5.%-,%!/,!&,)),!05%&,!6.,!)*5-!1.'00,!=$'%,!25_-2'/,%!),0!3%$/.$&'5-0!
/*$-3),0!$+,2!)$! =)>29,!'-/'6.$-&!)$! /'%,2&'5-!/,! A$%29,;!@.! =5-/!/,! )$!B5.005),4! 5-! &%5.+,! .-,!3%500,! =)>29,!
%5.3,4! ,-! 37-7%$)4! 6.'! A$&7%'$)'0,! ),! J5%/! A$3-7&'6.,;!!#5.%! &%5.+,%! )$! B5--,! /'%,2&'5-4! ')! =$.&! A$'-&,-'%! )$!
B5.005),!B',-!(!1)$&!,&!25AA,!$+,2!&5.&,!B5.005),4!C&%,!(!)*72$%&!/,!&5.&,!05.%2,!/,!29$A1!A$3-7&'6.,!$%&'='2',)!
R)'3-,! >! 9$.&,! &,-0'5-4! &%$-0=5%A$&,.%4! $'A$-&4! A5&,.%! 7),2&%'6.,4! 7),2&%5N$'A$-&;;;S;! M-0.'&,4! 15.%! 5%',-&,%!
25%%,2&,A,-&!)$!B5.005),4!')!0.=='&!/,!=$'%,!25_-2'/,%!)*$'3.')),!%5.3,!/,!)$!B5.005),!$+,2!)$!=)>29,!/,00'-7,!0.%!),!
=5-/;!H,!&F1,!/,!B5.005),!0,%&!,-!37-7%$)!(!5%',-&,%!.-,!2$%&,;!
Boussole!de!visée!
H*,0&! .-! /'0150'&'=! $-$)53.,! $.! 1%727/,-&4! A$'0! ,)),! ,0&! /5&7,! /*.-! A'%5'%! ,&! /*.-! +'0,.%;! H,)$! 1,%A,&! /,!
/7&,%A'-,%!)$!/'%,2&'5-!/*.-!5B`,2&'=!R1F)I-,4!$%B%,4!29a&,$.!/*,$.4!&5.%4!'AA,.B),;;;S;!M)),!=5-2&'5--,!/,!)$!ACA,!
A$-'>%,4!0$.=!6.,!)*5-!%,3$%/,!)$!B5.005),!/$-0!),!A'%5'%!,-!/70'3-$-&!)*5B`,2&'=!$+,2!),!+'0,.%;!
Compas!
G,!25A1$0!=5-2&'5--,!0.%!
),! ACA,! 1%'-2'1,! 6.,! )$!
B5.005),4!0$.=!6.*')!F!$!.-!
1)$&,$.!$'A$-&7!6.'!=)5&&,!
/$-0! .-,! B5.),! %,A1)',!
/,! )'6.'/,! ,&! .-,! $'3.')),!
='8,;! H*,0&! .-! 2$0!
1$%&'2.)',%! /,! B5.005),!
5E!),!J5%/!/,!)$!B5.005),!
,0&!.-!1I),!J5%/;!H*,0&!),!
&F1,! /,! B5.005),! ),! 1).0!
05.+,-&!%,-25-&%7!0.%!),0!
B$&,$.84!2$%!')!1,%A,&! /,!
0.'+%,! .-,! /'%,2&'5-! ,-!
25-&'-.;!
Description!de!la!boussole!
G,0!0'8!1$%&',0!1%'-2'1$),0!
/,!)$!B5.005),!05-&!/5-2!T!
"; G,!&$B)',%4!6.'!25A15%&,!)$!=)>29,!/,!/'%,2&'5-!15.%!/70'3-,%!)*5B`,2&'=!(!$&&,'-/%,;!
Y; G*9$B'&$2),!%5&$&'=!R),!2$/%$-S4!6.'!&5.%-,!0.%!).'NACA,!,&!6.'!1,.&!C&%,!$`.0&7!(!-*'A15%&,!6.,)!$:'A.&!
A$3-7&'6.,;!
[; G,!15'-&!'-/'2,4!0.%!),6.,)!5-!150'&'5--,!),!/,3%7!(!5%',-&,%;!
^; G*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,4!6.'!,0&!$&&'%7,!1$%!),!-5%/!A$3-7&'6.,;!
U; G$!=)>29,!'-2%.0&7,4!0.%!)$6.,)),!5-!/5'&!`.8&$150,%!)*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,!15.%!5B&,-'%!)*$:'A.&!/70'%7;!
\; G$!=)>29,!/,!/'%,2&'5-4!+,%0!5E!)*$:'A.&!07),2&'5--7!15'-&,;!
Précautions!à!prendre!à!l'usage!
#5.%!6.,!)$!B5.005),!=5-2&'5--,!(!05-!A,')),.%4!+5'2'!6.,)6.,0!25-0'3-,0!T!
M)),!/5'&!C&%,!&,-.,!0.=='0$AA,-&!/,!-'+,$.!15.%!1,%A,&&%,!(!)*$'3.')),!/,!B5.3,%!)'B%,A,-&;!
G$!B5.005),4!=5-2&'5--$-&!$+,2!),!A$3-7&'0A,!/,!)$!K,%%,4!,0&!0.`,&&,!$.8!/7%$-3,A,-&0!/.0!$.8!5B`,&0!
A7&$))'6.,0!$'-0'!6.*$.8!=')0!(!9$.&,!&,-0'5-;!W,!1).04!2,%&$'-,!$33)5A7%$&'5-!/,!A'-,%$'!A7&$))'6.,!/$-0!
),!05)!1,.+,-&!1%5/.'%,!),!ACA,!,==,&;!
b+'&,%!),!29$-3,A,-&!%$1'/,!/,!&,A17%$&.%,;!H,)$!%'06.,!/,!1%5+56.,%!/,0!1,&'&,0!B.)),0!/$-0!),!)'6.'/,!
/,!)$!B5.005),4!2,!6.'!15.%%$'&!522$0'5--,%!/,0!,%%,.%0!/,!),2&.%,;!
G$! 29$),.%! ,8&%CA,! 1%5+56.,! )*,81$-0'5-! /.! )'6.'/,! (! )*'-&7%',.%! /,! )$! B5.005),;! J,! 1$0! )$'00,%! )$!
B5.005),!0.%!.-,!05.%2,!/,!29$),.%!$='-!/*7+'&,%!/,!)*,-/5AA$3,%;!
!
[!
O-!)$!-,&&5',!$+,2!.-!)'-3,!9.A'/,!0'!,)),!/,+',-&!0$),;!
J,!1$0!5.B)',%!6.,4!A$)3%7!0$!25-0&%.2&'5-!%5B.0&,4!)$!B5.005),!/,A,.%,!.-!5B`,&!/,!1%72'0'5-;!
Utilisation!de!la!boussole!
"; c$'%,!1'+5&,%!)*9$B'&$2),!%5&$&'=!`.06.*(!2,!6.,!)*$:'A.&!/70'%7!05'&!,-!=$2,!/.!15'-&!'-/'2,;!
Y; K,-'%!)$!B5.005),!B',-!/%5'&,!/$-0!0$!A$'-!,&!0*$00.%,%!6.,!)$!=)>29,!/,!/'%,2&'5-!,0&!15'-&7,!/,+$-&!05';!
[; #'+5&,%!0.%!05'NACA,!$+,2!)$!B5.005),!`.06.*(!2,!)$!15'-&,!-5%/!/,!)*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,!05'&!,8$2&,A,-&!
0.%! )$! 15'-&,! /,! )$! =)>29,! '-2%.0&7,;! G*$:'A.&! 295'0'! ,0&! (! 1%70,-&! /,+$-&! 05'4! $.! B5.&! /,! )$! =)>29,! /,!
/'%,2&'5-;!
!""#$"%&$'(')*+%,-%))#'#."'-$'+%/+$"'#"'#."'0&$1'+""%23#'4+2'1#'5-%'#."'#$'/3"+)'.-2'
.&%'&-' 426.' 0#' .&%7' 8+2' #9#/4)#:' )+/#' 0#' 1&-"#+-:' ;&-1)#' 0#' 1#%$"-2#:'<&%"-2#:'
4&"#+-'/3"+))%5-#:'#"17'=#.')%,$#.'>'?+-"#'"#$.%&$',3$62#$"'-$'4-%..+$"'1?+/4'
/+,$3"%5-#' 5-%' 4#-"' %$"#2@323' )+' ;&-..&)#7' A)' @+-"' 3)&%,$#2' )+' ;&-..&)#' 0#' 1#.'
.&-21#.' +@%$' 0*+<&%2' -$#' ;&$$#' )#1"-2#7' =+' ;&-..&)#' 0#<%#$"' 0#' 4)-.' #$' 4)-.'
#22+"%5-#' BC&$#' !D' #"' @%$+)#/#$"' .+$.' -"%)%"3' BC&$#' ED' >' /#.-2#' 5-#' )*&$'
.*+442&1?#'0-'4F)#'$&20'/+,$3"%5-#'B/+25-3'0*-$'+."32%.5-#D7'
Suivre!une!direction!
P.'+%,!.-,!/'%,2&'5-!(!)$!B5.005),!-*,0&!1$0!2950,!$.00'!$'07,!6.*')!F!1$%$D&;!Q)!,8'0&,!/,!-5AB%,.8!1'>3,04!5.&%,!)$!
/72)'-$'05-!A$3-7&'6.,!/5-&!)*'-=).,-2,!,0&!-73)'3,$B),!15.%!/,!1,&'&,0!/'0&$-2,0;!!
G,!1%'-2'1$)!1%5B)>A,!%70'/,!,-!)$!1%70,-2,!/*5B0&$2),0;!!
Dans#le#désert#ou#en#mer4!2*,0&!.-!1%5B)>A,!/'==7%,-&!T!5-!-*$!1$0!/,!%,1>%,0;!!!
Dans#une#forêt4!')!,0&!B',-!,-&,-/.!'A1,-0$B),!/*$+$-2,%!&5.&!/%5'&;!Q)!F!$!/,0!$%B%,04!A$'0!)$!&,29-'6.,!
15.%! 25-&5.%-,%! 2,! 1%5B)>A,! ,0&! /*.&')'0,%! 2,0! 5B0&$2),0! 25AA,! /,0! %,1>%,0;! @'-0'4! ,-! .&')'0$-&! .-,!
B5.005),!/,!+'07,4!5-!%,29,%29,!.-!$%B%,!/$-0!)$!/'%,2&'5-!+5.).,4!5-!0,!%,-/!(!2,&!$%B%,!,&!5-!%,=$'&!.-,!
+'07,!0.%!.-!$%B%,!0.'+$-&;!G,!%,+,%0!/,!)$!A7/$')),!,0&!6.,!0'!(!29$6.,!A,0.%,!5-!=$'&!)$!ACA,!,%%,.%4!
,)),!0*$22.A.),%$d!.-!3%$-/!-5AB%,!/,!A,0.%,0!73$),!.-,!3%500,!,%%,.%;!Q)!,0&!/5-2!1%7=7%$B),!/,!=$'%,!
),!A5'-0!/,!A,0.%,0!1500'B),0!R=$'%,!/,0!+'07,0!0.%!/,0!/'0&$-2,0!1).0!3%$-/,0S!6.$-/!2,)$!,0&!1500'B),;!!!
En#mer4!')!-*F!$!1$0!/*$%B%,0;!Q)!=$.&!/5-2!$+$-2,%!,-!='8$-&!)*$'3.')),!/,!)$!B5.005),!/,!&,)),!05%&,!6.*,)),!
25_-2'/,! &5.`5.%0! $+,2! )$! =)>29,! /.! J5%/;! ?$'0! ),! A5F,-! ),! 1).0! 0'A1),! ,0&! /*.&')'0,%! .-! 5.&')! 1).0!
$/76.$&4!(!0$+5'%!.-!25A1$0;!H*,0&!15.%!2,)$!6.,!),0!B$&,$.8!05-&!76.'170!/,!25A1$0;!!!
Une#autre#solution!1,.&!C&%,!,-+'0$37,;!G5%06.*5-!-*,0&!1$0!0,.)4!')!0*$3'&!/,!3.'/,%!.-,!$.&%,!1,%05--,!
/$-0!)$!/'%,2&'5-!+5.).,;!O-!$!$)5%0!.-!%,1>%,!A5B'),;!b+'/,AA,-&4!2,!-*,0&!1$0!1500'B),!0.%!.-!B$&,$.;!
Azimut!de!retour!(contre!azimut)!
G*$:'A.&!/,!%,&5.%!,0&!)*$:'A.&!'-+,%0,;!Q)!0,%&!(!%,&5.%-,%!0.%!-50!1$0;!!
#5.%!),!2$)2.),%4!')!0.=='&!/*$`5.&,%!"eV]!R0'!)*$:'A.&!-*,82>/,!1$0!"eV]S!5.!%,&%$-29,%!"eV]!R0'!)*$:'A.&!
,82>/,!"eV]S;!!!!
Exemple#:!!!
o H5-&%,!$:'A.&!/,!"YU]!fg!"YU]h"eV]f![VU]!!
o H5-&%,!$:'A.&!/,!["U]!fg!["U]N"eV]f!"[U]!!!
@.!)',.!/,!=$'%,!/.!2$)2.)!A,-&$)!15.%!&%5.+,%!),!25-&%,!$:'A.&4!5-!-*$!6.*(!0,!0,%+'%!/,!)$!B5.005),!15.%!
),!&%5.+,%;!!
o #5.%!&%5.+,%!.-!$:'A.&!0.%!)$!B5.005),4!5-!=$'&!25_-2'/,%!),!B5.&!25)5%7!/,!)*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,!
$+,2!)*$'3.')),!'-2%.0&7,;!!
o #5.%!&%5.+,%! ),!25-&%,! $:'A.&4! ')!0.=='&!/,! 0.1,%150,%!)*$.&%,!B5.&! /,! )*$'3.')),!$'A$-&7,! $+,2!
)*$'3.')),!'-2%.0&7,;!
Qu'estGce!qu'une!carte!?!
H*,0&!)$!%,1%70,-&$&'5-!375A7&%'6.,!0.%!.-,!=,.')),!1)$-,!0.'+$-&!2,%&$'-,0!25-+,-&'5-0!/*.-,!2,%&$'-,!15%&'5-!/,!
)$! 0.%=$2,! /.! 05)4! 25A1507,! /,! A5.+,A,-&0! /.! 05)! ,&! /,! /7&$')0! /.! &,%%$'-;! M)),! 25A15%&,! ,-! 5.&%,! /,0!
'-=5%A$&'5-0!A$%3'-$),0!6.'!5-&!15.%!B.&!/,!0,!0'&.,%!0.%!)$!2$%&,4!/,!0*5%',-&,%4!/,!/7&,%A'-,%!),0!/'0&$-2,04!/,!
&%5.+,%! ),0! %,1>%,0! ,&! ),0! $)&'&./,0;!!P'! 5-! 0.%+5)$'&! )$! %73'5-! %,1%70,-&7,! 1$%! .-,! 2$%&,4! 5-! F! /725.+%'%$'&! ),0!
ACA,0!'-=5%A$&'5-0!6.,!0.%!2,&&,!/,%-'>%,;!K5.&,=5'04!2,0!'-=5%A$&'5-0!0,%$',-&!/7=5%A7,0!1$%!)$!1,%01,2&'+,!,&!
),0!5AB%,0;!!G$!2$%&,!,0&!%7$)'07,!(!1$%&'%!/,!195&53%$19',0!$7%',--,0!R$+'5-!5.!0$&,))'&,S4!1$%!.-!2$%&53%$19,!,&!
!
^!
.-! $%1,-&,.%4! 6.'! 0,! 29$%3,-&! /,! +7%'=',%! ),0! /5--7,0! 0.%! ),! &,%%$'-;! P.%! )$! 2$%&,4! 5-! 7)'A'-,! ),0! ,==,&0! /,!
1,%01,2&'+,!,&!5-!'/,-&'=',!),0!/7&$')0!,-!.&')'0$-&!/,0!0'3-,0!25-+,-&'5--,)0;!
Type!de!cartes!
Q)!F!$!/'==7%,-&0!&F1,0!/,!2$%&,0!,&!29$2.-,!$!.-,!=5-2&'5-!B',-!/7='-',;!
"; G$!2$%&,!routière!,0&!25-i.,!15.%!1,%A,&&%,!/,!0,!/'%'3,%!0.%!),0!
%5.&,0;!M)),!-,!/5--,!$.2.-,!'-=5%A$&'5-!0.%!),!%,)',=;!
Y; G$! 2$%&,! minière!A,&! ,-! 7+'/,-2,4! 1$%! /,0! 25.),.%04! ),0!
1%'-2'1$.8!A'-7%$.8!,-!1%70,-2,!5.!0.02,1&'B),0!/*C&%,!%,-25-&%70!(!2,&!
,-/%5'&;!
[; G$! 2$%&,! marine!,0&! .-,! %,1%70,-&$&'5-! 6.'! 0*$/%,00,! $.!
-$+'3$&,.%;! O-! F! '-/'6.,! ),0! +5',0!-$+'3$B),04! ),0! 25.%$-&04! ),0! 9$.&0!
=5-/04!,&2;;;!
^; G$!2$%&,!topographique!,0&!.-,!%,1%70,-&$&'5-!/.!&,%%$'-;!H*,0&!
,)),!6.'!,0&!.&')'07,!,-!5%',-&$&'5-;!
U; G$!2$%&,!forestière!')).0&%,!),!15&,-&',)!=5%,0&',%!/.!&,%%'&5'%,;!
\; G$!2$%&,!hydrographique!'-/'6.,!),0!1%'-2'1$.8!25.%0!/*,$.4!),!0,-0!/,!),.%!725.),A,-&!,&!),!&F1,!/,!
B,%3,0;!
j; G$!2$%&,!bathymétrique!')).0&%,!),!%,)',=!/,0!=5-/0!A$%'-0;!
L'échelle!
H*,0&!)$!%7/.2&'5-!,==,2&.7,!15.%!1$00,%!/,0!/'0&$-2,0!A,0.%7,0!0.%!),!&,%%$'-!$.8!)5-3.,.%0!6.'!),0!%,1%70,-&,-&!
0.%!)$!2$%&,;!H,&&,!%7/.2&'5-!,0&!.-,!+$),.%!='8,!6.,!)*5-!$11,)),!729,)),;!!
G,0!729,)),0!05-&!-5&7,0!05.0!=5%A,!/,!=%$2&'5-0!2,-&'A7&%'6.,0;!G,!-.A7%$&,.%!,0&!&5.`5.%0!73$)!(!"!,&!
25%%,015-/! (! "!2A! 0.%! )$! 2$%&,;! G,! /7-5A'-$&,.%! 25%%,015-/! $.! -5AB%,! /,! 2,-&'A>&%,0! 6.,! 2,)$!
%,1%70,-&,!0.%!),!&,%%$'-;!!
o #$%! ,8,A1),4! .-,! 729,)),! /,! "k"VV!VVV! R5.! "T"VV!VVVS! +,.&! /'%,! 6.,! "!2A! 0.%! )$! 2$%&,!
%,1%70,-&,!"VV!VVV!2A!0.%!),!&,%%$'-!R05'&!"!lAS;!!!
G,0!729,)),0!),0!1).0!=%76.,AA,-&!%,-25-&%7,0!05-&!T!
o "TYVV!VVV!,&!"T"VV!VVV!15.%!),0!2$%&,0!%5.&'>%,0d!
o "TUV!VVV!,&!"TYU!VVV!15.%!),0!2$%&,0!&5.%'0&'6.,0!,&!),0!2$%&,0!/*7&$&!A$`5%!R2$%&,!&515Sd!
o M-!c%$-2,4!),0!2$%&,0!QmJ!07%',!B),.,!05-&!),!1).0!05.+,-&!.&')'07,0!29,:!),0!72)$'%,.%0;!G*729,)),!
,0&! 1,&'&,4! 05'&! "kYU!VVV! R"!2A! %,1%70,-&,! YUV!AS4! A$'0! 1$%! 25-076.,-&4! ,)),0! 25.+%,-&! /,0!
0.%=$2,0! 1).0! 1,&'&,0! ,&! ')! ,-! =$.&! 1$%=5'0! 1).0',.%0! 15.%! 25.+%'%! )$! %73'5-! /$-0! )$6.,)),! -5.0!
2$A15-0!R,&!2*,0&!B',-!25--.4!),0!&,%%$'-0!15.%!),0!2$A10!/*7&7!05-&!&5.`5.%0!/$-0!.-!25'-!/,!)$!
2$%&,!,&!')!=$.&!/5-2!$29,&,%!6.$&%,!2$%&,0!15.%!25.+%'%!)$!%73'5-nS;!
S'orienter!sans!boussole!!
m%$-/,! 6.,0&'5-;;;! G,0! 05).&'5-0! 05-&! 1).0! 5.! A5'-0! 9,.%,.0,0d! A$'0! ')! ,0&!
'A15%&$-&!/,!),0!25--$D&%,;!
De!jour!
"; La! mousse! :#G$! A7&95/,! /,0! A5.00,0! ,0&! &%>0! $)7$&5'%,4! (! 0$+5'%! 6.$-/! ACA,4! A$'0! $+,2! 6.,)6.,0!
%,2&'='2$&'5-0;!G$!A5.00,!-,!15.00,!1$0!$.!J5%/!25AA,!5-!)*,-&,-/!05.+,-&4!A$'0!0.'+$-&!)*5%',-&$&'5-!
/,0!+,-&0!/5A'-$-&0!5.!/,0!25'-0!/*5AB%,;!O.'4!)53'6.,A,-&4!')!F!$!1).0!/,!A5.00,!,-!/'%,2&'5-!/.!J5%/4!
2$%!')!-*F!$!1$0!/,!05),');!?$'0!0'!.-,!3%500,!%529,!,-!/'%,2&'5-!1),'-!P./!2$29,!)$!B$0,!/*.-!$%B%,4!2,).'N2'!
0,%$!%,25.+,%&!/,!A5.00,4!A$)3%7!05-!5%',-&$&'5-;;;!@.&$-&!/'%,!6.*')!=$.&!B',-!25--$D&%,!)$!A7&75%5)53',!
)52$),4!2,!6.'!-*,0&!1$0!7+'/,-&;!W,!1).04!')!$%%'+,!05.+,-&!6.,!)$!A5.00,!15.00,!&5.&!$.&5.%!/,0!$%B%,0d!
/$-0!2,!2$04!15'-&!/,!0$).&;!
!
U!
Y; Les!arbres!:#O-!1,.&4!0'!)*5-!,0&!5B0,%+$&,.%!,&!.-!1,.!-$&.%$)'0&,4!5B0,%+,%!)$!=$i5-!/5-&!),0!$%B%,0!05-&!
1,-29704!2,!6.'!-5.0!'-=5%A,!0.%!)$!150'&'5-!/,0!+,-&0!/5A'-$-&0;;;!M-25%,!=$.&N')!),0!25--$D&%,;!
[; Le!soleil!:#G$!A7&95/,!)$!1).0!0o%,!,0&!),!05),')4!6.'!0,!)>+,!(!)*M0&!,&!0,!25.29,!(!)*O.,0&!,&!0,!&%5.+,!$.!
P./!(!A'/'4!,&!6.*5-!-,!),!+5'&!`$A$'0!$.!J5%/!/$-0!)*97A'019>%,!J5%/;;;!P'-5-4!2*,0&!6.*5-!0,!&%5.+,!/$-0!
)*97A'019>%,!P./[email protected]&%$)',4!@A7%'6.,!/.!P./;;;S;!!!
$; #5.%! 0*5%',-&,%! (! )*$'/,! /*.-,!
A5-&%,4! ')! =$.&! C&%,! (! )*9,.%,!
05)$'%,4! 2*,0&N(N/'%,! (! )*9,.%,!
-5%A$)!/,!)*M0&!RpJMS!$.!q.7B,2!
R9'+,%S!,&!(!)*9,.%,!/*9'+,%!A5'-0!
.-,! 9,.%,! ,-! c%$-2,;!!K5.&!
/*$B5%/4!-,!1$0!0,!1%7522.1,%!/,!
)$! 3%$-/,! $'3.')),;!!q.$-/! )$!
A5-&%,! ,0&! 25%%,2&,A,-&! %73)7,4!
')!=$.&!)*5%',-&,%!/,!&,)),!05%&,!6.,!
),! 05),')! 05'&! 15'-&7! 1$%! )$! petite#
aiguille.!!c5%A,%! ,-0.'&,! .-!
$-3),!$+,2!)$!150'&'5-!/,!)$!1,&'&,!
$'3.')),!R5%',-&7,!+,%0!),!05),')S!,&!
)$! 150'&'5-! "Y! /,! )$!
A5-&%,;!!#%,-/%,!)$!B'00,2&%'2,!/,!
2,&!$-3),;!G*$8,!-5%/N0./!,0&!$'-0'!5B&,-.4!),!J5%/!7&$-&!(!)*511507!/,!)*$-3),!=5%A7;!H,)$!,0&!+%$'!
)5%06.*')!,0&!,-&%,!\9!,&!"e9;!#).0!&I&!5.!1).0!&$%/4!2*,0&!),!25-&%$'%,!RA$'0!0'!&I&!5.!0'!&$%/4!5-!0,!
/5.&,!B',-!6.,!),!05),')!,0&!05'&!(!)*M0&4!05'&!(!)*O.,0&;;;S;!!
De!nuit!
P'!),!2',)!,0&!25.+,%&4!15'-&!/,!0$).&!,-!/,95%0!/,!)$!B5.005),d!0'-5-!),0!7&5'),0!05-&!)$!A7&95/,!)$!1).0!$-2',--,4!
15.%!-,!1$0!/'%,!6.*,)),!/$&,!/,!)$!-.'&!/,0!&,A10;!
"; La!lune!:!O-!1,.&!$11)'6.,%!$+,2!)$!G.-,!)$!A7&95/,!05)$'%,4!A$'0!$&&,-&'5-4!')!-,!=$.&!1$0!6.,!2,!05'&!)$!
-5.+,)),!).-,!R-5.+,)),!).-,!f!1$0!/,!).-,S;!Q)!=$.&!$.00'!25--$D&%,!),0!9,.%,0!/,!),+,%!,&!/,!25.29,%!/,!)$!
G.-,4!2,!6.'!-*,0&!1$0!&5.`5.%0!7+'/,-&;!O-!1,.&!$+5'%!2,0!'-=5%A$&'5-0!0.%!2,%&$'-0!2$),-/%',%0!5.!,-!0,!
%,-0,'3-$-&! $.1%>0! /*$0&%5-5A,0;!!Q)! =$.&! 2,&&,! =5'0N2'! %73),%! )$! A5-&%,! /,! &,)),! 05%&,! 6.*')! 05'&! A'-.'&!
)5%06.,!)$!G.-,!$!,==,2&.7!)$!A5'&'7!/,!05-!1$%25.%0!/$-0!),!2',)!R,)),!,0&!$)5%0!$.!P./S;!?$'0!$&&,-&'5-4!)$!
G.-,!&5.%-,!$.&5.%!/,!)$!K,%%,d!')!-,!=$.&!1$0!%73),%!0$!A5-&%,!(!)*9,.%,!m;?;K;!
Y; L'étoile! polaire! :!G$! A7&95/,! )$! 1).0! ='$B),! ,0&! ,-25%,! /,! %,29,%29,%! )*7&5'),!
15)$'%,;! ?$)9,.%,.0,A,-&4! 2*,0&! .-,! 7&5'),! /*$00,:! =$'B),! A$3-'&./,! R05-! 72)$&! ,0&!
=$'B),S!,&!15.%!1,.!6.*')!F!$'&!.-,!05.%2,!/,!).A'>%,!1$%$0'&,4!,)),!1,.&!C&%,!/'=='2'),!(!
5B0,%+,%;! G,! 1).0! 0'A1),! 15.%! )$! %,&%5.+,%! ,0&! /,! %,17%,%! )$! 25-0&,))$&'5-! /,! )$!
Grande#Ourse;!H*,0&!$00,:!=$2'),d!')!=$.&!,-0.'&,!%,15%&,%!U!=5'0!+,%0!),!9$.&!)$!/'0&$-2,!
,-&%,! ),0! /,.8! 7&5'),0! /.! B5.&! /,! )$! r!2$00,%5),!s! R2I&7! 511507! $.! r!A$-29,!sS! ,&!
-5%A$),A,-&4!5-!&5AB,!,8$2&,A,-&!0.%!)*7&5'),!15)$'%,;!!
[; Orion!:!Q)!,8'0&,!.-,!$.&%,!25-0&,))$&'5-!6.'!1,%A,&!/,!
&%5.+,%! ),!J5%/! T! O%'5-;! ?$'0! )$! =$i5-! /*F!1$%+,-'%!,0&! B',-!
A5'-0!1%72'0,!6.,!)*7&5'),!15)$'%,;!@&&,-&'5-!T!25-&%$'%,A,-&!(!
)*7&5'),! 15)$'%,4! 2,&&,! 25-0&,))$&'5-! -*,0&! 1$0! +'0'B),! ,-!1,%A$-,-2,n!O-! )$! +5'&!
&%>0!B',-!)*9'+,%!R/$-0!)*97A'019>%,!J5%/S;!!#5.%!&%5.+,%!O%'5-4!')!=$.&!29,%29,%!
),0! &%5'0! 7&5'),0! $)'3-7,0! 6.*5-! $11,)),! r!2,'-&.%,! /*O%'5-!s;! M)),0! 05-&!
2$%$2&7%'0&'6.,0;! t-,! =5'0! &%5.+7,04! ')! ,0&! =$2'),! /,! %,17%,%! ),0! 6.$&%,! $.&%,0!
7&5'),0!6.'!=5%A,-&!),!1$%$))7)53%$AA,;!O%'5-!$!.-,!=5%A,!/,!0$B)',%;!!u!1$%&'%!
/,!)$!r!2,'-&.%,!s4!1%5)5-3,%!),!0,3A,-&!1$00$-&!1$%!@)-')$A!,&!p,Z$!R),0!&%5'0!
1,&'&,0!7&5'),0!$.N/,00.0!/,!v,&,)3,.0,!,&!v,))$&%'8S4!,&! $1%>0!.-!1,&'&!B5.&!/,!
29,A'-;;;!5-!&5AB,!0.%!@)19$!#5)$%'0;!@&&,-&'5-4!2*,0&!&5.&!/,!ACA,!A5'-0!1%72'0!
6.*$+,2!)*7&5'),!15)$'%,;!
^; Les! planètes!:#M-='-! .-,! /,%-'>%,! A7&95/,! 15.%! 0*5%',-&,%4! A$'0! 6.'! &5.&,=5'0! -72,00'&,! .-! 1,.! /,!
25--$'00$-2,0!,-!$0&%5-5A',;!Q)!0*$3'&!/*.&')'0,%!),0!1)$->&,0!$+,2!.-,!A7&95/,!0'A')$'%,!$!2,)),!/.!05),')!
,&!/,!)$!).-,;!!Q)!=$.&!C&%,!2$1$B),!/,!%,25--$D&%,!),0!1)$->&,0!/$-0!),!2',);!Q)!=$.&!15.%!2,)$!.-!5,')!9$B'&.7!
,&!25--$D&%,!),0!9,.%,0!/,!),+,%!,&!/,!25.29,%!/,!2,0!1)$->&,0;!G,0!1)$->&,0!.&')'0$B),0!05-&!<7-.04!?$%04!
X.1'&,%!,&!P$&.%-,;!!G,0!1)$->&,0!5-&!.-!72)$&!1).0!B%'))$-&!6.,!),0!7&5'),0!(!/,!%$%,0!,82,1&'5-0!RP'%'.0!,0&!
1 / 10 100%
La catégorie de ce document est-elle correcte?
Merci pour votre participation!

Faire une suggestion

Avez-vous trouvé des erreurs dans linterface ou les textes ? Ou savez-vous comment améliorer linterface utilisateur de StudyLib ? Nhésitez pas à envoyer vos suggestions. Cest très important pour nous !