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Abstract
This master thesis considers how the literary practice of Ralph Waldo Emerson might help us
rethink the modern heritage in the tradition of spiritual exercises. The nineteenth century
American writer followed the path of this antique tradition that was uncovered by the
philosophy historian Pierre Hadot, allowing us to consider anew this tradition within the
framework of modernity. It is thus possible to access an unexpected modernity of spiritual
exercises, unknown to Hadot himself, characterized by the production of literary texts that
convey what Emerson calls, “an original relation to the universe.”
The first chapter explains the specificity of traditional spirituality, where writing serves to
incorporate traditional text into oneself. It considers the literary practice of Marcus Aurelius,
Seneca and Saint Augustine, who all attempted to live according to their conception of
transcendence: personal under stoicism, institutional within Christianity.
Chapter two illustrates how Emerson overturns the traditional way of behaving with a spiritual
text. His critique of Christian theology shows that the revelation of Christ is, in its origin, a
personal experience of transcendence that cannot be instituted. From this romantic dissension
with Christianity emerges a theory of literature related to mysticism and in close ties with an
“expressivist” conception of language (Charles Taylor).
The final chapter examines Emerson’s literary askesis. First explained is the antischolastic
conception of the scholar, subsequently showing how his way of thinking is interrelated to a
fluxional conception of the universe. Lastly demonstrated is how his experimental way of life
relies on a conception of literature as process.
Keywords : Ralph Waldo Emerson, spiritual exercise, literature, expressivism, modernity,
mysticism, transcendence.