Expériencer - Département de Philosophie

23
EDUCATION PERMANENTE n° 198/2014-1
L’anglais philosophique des empiristes .B;2?2@@<B?02>B2;<B@;X.C<;@=.@2;
3?.;J.6@9.0.=.06AKH3.6?2129X2E=K?62;02B;C2?/2To experience3?K>B2;A052G
2D2F2A1.;@B;2:<6;1?2:2@B?2052G.:2@=2?:2A121K0?6?202>B62@A=9B@
B;=?<02@@B@>BXB;</72A<BB;KA.AA<BA2;0<;@2?C.;A.B0TB?1202AA20<;@A?B0
A6<;4?.::.A60.92920<;02=A0.?16;.9129X2:=6?6@:2experience"?@X692E6@A2
12@ R 6;A?.1B6@6/92@ S 1Q:2;A ?K=2?A<?6K@ U agency, evidence C<6?2 mind U to
experience ;X.?62;H92B?2;C62?23?.;J.6@@X69;2?20<B?A=.@HB;;K<9<46@:2
1<6A@20<;A2;A2?1XRK=?<BC2?S12R?2@@2;A6?S>B62;3.B@@2?.6AB;=2B92@2;@
@6<;9X6;A2?=?LA21.;@920.1?21XB;2=569<@<=5621BRCK0BS1XR2E=K?6:2;A2?S
>B6;2@2?.6A=.@7B@A2;<;=9B@@6<;2;A2;112??6L?202A2?:2B;6>B2:2;A9X61K2
1XB;=?<A<0<92C<6?21XB;2:KA5<12>B6;2@<;A=.@3<?0K:2;A:</696@K@=.?9.
3<?02/?BA212to experience.@<9BA6<;9.=9B@=?<0522A9.=9B@0<::B;K:2;A
.1<=AK22@A@.;@1<BA2R3.6?29X2E=K?62;0212S:.6@29929.6@@2.9<?@K05.==2?9.
@6:=9606AK129.0<;@A?B0A6<;C2?/.92.;49.6@22A3.6A129.C<62=.@@6C20<::21B
=.?A606=2=.@@K12@0.@@2AMA2(;.BA?2A2?:2.KAK@B44K?KR 2E=K?62;02? S>B6
0<;@6@A2?.6AH3.6?22E.0A2:2;A9.:M:205<@2>B29X.;49.6@2;3?.;J.6@&.;@A?.;
052?@B?9.>B2@A6<;129XB@.42;<B@=?K@B==<@2?<;@606>B29X<;=2BA@X.BA<?6@2?
HBA696@2?2;3?.;J.6@02C2?/2R2E=K?62;02? S=<B?C<6?02>B202AB@.42=2?:2A
A?.6A1X<BC?6?>B29@0<;A?2@2;@.B@@669=2?:2AA?.6A1XKC6A2?02>B6;<B@0<;1B6?.H
2;A?2?1.;@921KA.6912@R@<=56@:2@S129X2E=K?62;02>B22D2FC2BA1K?.06;2?
.B=?2:62??.;412@>B29@@2A?<BC29.?K1B0A6<;129X2E=K?62;02H9.0<;;.6@@.;02
1202AA22E=K?62;02
L’expérience comme verbe ?
MATHIAS GIREL
MATHIAS GIREL, maître de conférences au département de philosophie de l'Ecole normale supérieure,
République des savoirs – USR 3608 ENS/CNRS ([e-mail]).
 )<6?.@@6;
« Si la méthode empirique était universellement ou généralement adoptée en philosophie,
nous n’aurions aucun besoin de nous référer à l’expérience »
(Dewey, 1925, p. 34).

« Expériencer », de James à Bergson
via Boutroux et Flournoy
93.BA=?K06@2?>BXR2E=K?62;02?S.1K7H2BB;2=?2:6L?20.??6L?21.;@;<A?2
9.;4B2;2332A69F.B;locus classicus.B1K/BA1B++2@6L092=<B?>B60<;>B2
?K39K056AH020B?62BE;K<9<46@:2:692<BA?<BE?24?2AA.6A>BX69;X2E6@AIA=.@2;
3?.;J.6@12/<;K>B6C.92;A12to experience, 3?K>B2;A052G.:2@=?L@A<BA9X2E
=?2@@6<;;2 @2A?<BC.6A2992=.@.B02;A?212 9X2:=6?6@:2?.160.91.;@=9B@62B?@
2@@.6@ 12  02BE9H :M:2 >B6 .99.62;A 3<?:2? 92@ Essais d’empirisme
radical, 0<::29<?@>B2.:2@.336?:2« There are as many stuffs as there are
“natures” in the things experienced »  #<B? <BA?<BE  02 C2?/2 KA.6A
=?<052129X.992:.;1erleben 2A1B@B/@A.;A63Erlebnis>B29X<;A?.1B6A=.?3<6@=.?
RCK0BS<BR2E=K?62;02CK0B2S9;X2@A=.@.;<16;12C<6?920<;A2EA21.;@92>B29
<BA?<BE6;A?<1B6A02AA2;<A6<; erleben 9B6@2?AH?2;1?202>BX692;A?2C<6A1X6;16
C61B.96AK2A12C.?6KAK1.;@9X2E=K?62;02?296462B@22A0X2@A1<;002>BX693.B1?.6A
2;A2;1?2 12??6L?2 92 C2?/2 to experience  R . ?29646<; 2@A 2@@2;A62992:2;A B;2
02?A.6;2C62129.0<;@062;026;16C61B2992<P92:<6@2@2;A:<1636K7B@>B21.;@
@<;3<;1X2@AB;22E=K?62;02.B@2;@.;49.6@1BC2?/2to experience>B6C2BA
16?2;<;=.@0<;@A.A2?3?<612:2;AB;205<@2>B6@2=.@@22;125<?@12;<B@:.6@
K=?<BC2?@2;A6?2;@<6C6C?2@<6:M:2A2992<BA2992:.;6L?21XMA?22A>B6?K=<;1
.@@2G2E.0A2:2;AH9X.992:.;1erlebenX2@A1<;0B;22E=K?62;02>B6C.?62.C20
92@6;16C61B@2A1<;A9XK9K:2;A6;16C61B29;2=2BAMA?2?2A?.;05K@.;@>B2920.?.0
AL?2?296462BE;X2;16@=.?.6@@21B:M:20<B=&69XB;6AK1.;@9.:B9A6=9606AK0.?.0
AK?6@2 9. 0<;@062;02 =@F05<9<46>B2 9. :<16360.A6<; ?.160.92 1XB;2 =2?@<;;.96AK
1<;;K22@A129X2@@2;021B=5K;<:L;2?296462BE9;XF.1<;0=.@B;22E=K?62;02
?296462B@22;@<6@B@02=A6/921XMA?2612;A6>B2=<B?A<B@92@5<::2@0<::29X2@A
@2;@6/92:2;A 9X2E=K?62;02 @062;A636>B2 2 >B6 2@A 23320A6C2:2;A 02 >B6 @2B9
0<:=A2=<B?B;=569<@<=52>B6=.?A12@?K.96AK@2A;<;12@0<;02=A@02@<;A92@
C.?6KAK@6;16C61B2992@129X2E=K?62;020X2@AH16?2129.C62?296462B@2S(op. cit.).
.;@@.=?K3.02H9.A?.1B0A6<;3?.;J.6@21BPragmatisme de James2?4@<;
KC<>B2=?K06@K:2;A02=.@@.421.;@9.16@A6;0A6<;>BX69=?<=<@22;A?2RCK?6AK@12
@2;A6:2;AS2ARCK?6AK@12?.6@<;S=<B?699B@A?2?92=?2:62?A2?:21202AA20<:=.
?.6@<;B6.B@@6?2;C<6292@2;@=?<3<;11BC2?/2to experience .B0<;A2EA2?296
462BE1<;A69;X5K@6A2=.@H3.6?2R9X61K26;@=6?.A?602S1B=?.4:.A6@:212.:2@
R2@I:2@>B2?2:=96A9X2;A5<B@6.@:2?296462BE@<;ACK?6A./92:2;A@<B92CK2@2A
A?.;@=<?AK2@0<::2;A;2;<B@32?.62;A2992@=.@=?2;1?2@B?92C63.6;@6>B21.;@
B;22E=K?62;02 @062;A636>B2 9.3<?02>B6A?.;@=<?A2 2A>B6@<B9LC2  H2@A@.;@
1<BA29X<?646;29H2@A9X61K26;@=6?.A?6021BV=?.4:.A6@:2W12.:2@2992@12@
CK?6AK@>BX69;<B@6:=<?A292=9B@120<;;.NA?2@<;A=<B?9B612@CK?6AK@@2;A62@2A
CK0B2@.C.;A1XMA?2=2;@K2@S2?4@<;29.;2@64;6362=.@/62;@Q?>B2
2?4@<;96:6A29.=<?AK21202A.=2?JB.B1<:.6;2?296462BE
24
EDUCATION PERMANENTE n° 198/2014-1
mathias girel

.;@B;.BA?2?246@A?2K?.?12921.992;X.7.:.6@:.;>BK12@<B964;2?>B2
=<B?12@?.6@<;@/62;0<:=?K52;@6/92@69 =?K3K?.6AR2E=K?62;02?SHR2E=K?6
:2;A2?S9?2;C<629B6H9X.BA<?6AK12.9.;121.;@@<;Vocabulaire>B6?24?2AA2
9X./@2;021XB;A29C2?/22;3?.;J.6@2A927B42?.6ARA?L@BA692S.9.;12;216A
02=2;1.;A>B2A?L@=2BH>B<669@2?.6ABA6922A?2;C<629B6:M:2=.?9X6;A2?:K16.6?2
129.=.?L12H9X.BA<?6AK129<B?;<F>B69X2:=9<F.6A1.;@@2@0<B?@R.B@2;@
.;49.6@12to experience (Erleben) =?<BC2?3.6?29X2E=K?62;021XB;@2;A6:2;A
1XB;2@6AB.A6<;2A0S,9.=.?L12-2A2?:2:2=.?.NA?.6A.B@@6A?L@BA692cf. 2E=K
?62;A6291K7H=?<=<@K2;02@2;@1.;@9.=?2:6L?2K16A6<;1B=?K@2;AVocabulaire
0<::216@A6;0AH9.3<6@1X2:=6?6>B22A1X2E=K?6:2;A.9S.9.;12
92@A6;AK?2@@.;A>BXB;2A2992;<A2KC<>B2B;A2?:2RA?L@BA692S:.6@@.;@
@21<;;2?9X.BA<?6@.A6<;123.6?22;A?2?02A2?:2=926;2:2;A2A2;A6L?2:2;A1.;@92
Vocabulaire 2 72B 12 ?2;C<6 2@A K4.92:2;A A?L@ K09.6?.;A  <; =.@@2?. C6A2 @B?
9.=.?L12:.6@9.=?K06@6<;12.9.;122@A6:=<?A.;A20.?R2E=K?62;A629S(expe-
riential) ?2;C<F.6AHB;B@.42=9B@.;062;0X2@A92A2?:2>B2&AB.?A 699
=?<=<@2=<B?1K@64;2?02>B6;X2@A;69X2:=6?6>B21KA2?:6;.A6<;./@A?.6A2;69X2E
=K?6:2;A.99X2E=K?62;02.B@2;@<P9X<;=?<C<>B22;=.?A.;A1202?A.6;2@0<;16
A6<;@/62;1KA2?:6;K2@B;2</@2?C.A6<;.?K3K?2;02H 699=2?:2AA?.6A123.6?2
?2:<;A2?.C.;A92:<:2;A=?.4:.A6@A202A.=2?JB129.;K02@@6AK1XB;2RA?<6@6L:2
C<62S;6</72A;6=B?2.3320A6<;;6=B?2@K16:2;A.A6<;;6=B?6;@A.;A2;:.A6L?2
1X2E=K?62;02
'5K<1<?2 9<B?;<F  2:=9<62 23320A6C2:2;A 92 A2?:2 1.;@ 92@ 0<B?@
>BX69.1<;;K@H2;LC2@B?.:2@2A=B/96K@=2B.=?L@9.:<?A120212?;62?@<B@
92A6A?2La philosophie de William JamesX2@A1L@921K=.?A1B05.=6A?2@B?9X2:
=6?6@:2?.160.9>B2:K16A.;A@B?9.3<?:B9212.:2@URA<BA02>B62@A2E=K?62;0K
2@A?K29A<BA02>B62@A?K292@A2E=K?62;0KSU69K=?<BC292/2@<6;1X6;09B?2B;2
;<A2<P693?.;056A92=.@2A=?<=<@2B;2A?.1B0A6<;=<B?to experience R2C2?/2
2E=K?62;02?0<::2;02HMA?2B@6AK2;3?.;J.6@=<B??2;1?29X.;49.6@to experience.
E=K?62;0K C2BA 16?2 @2;A6 =2?JB K=?<BCK CK0B U 1.;@ 92 @2;@ 12 9X.992:.;1
erleben, Erlebnis =9BAOA>B2ErfahrungS
9F.>B29>B205<@2129X<?1?21B=2?3<?:.A631.;@02AA2;<A20.?29923.6A2992
:M:2=.?A621XB;212@?.?2@<00B??2;02@1BA2?:2R2E=K?62;02?SH9XK=<>B22A
0X2@A=?K06@K:2;A=<B?02AA2?.6@<;>BX29922@A06AK2=.?.9.;122A1X.BA?2@9?2@A2
.9<?@H@.C<6?=<B?>B<602A2?:2@2:/92@66:=<?A.;AH9<B?;<FRX2E=K?62;02
<B9.?K.96AK052G.:2@1K@64;2.B=?2:62?05239.05<@29.=9B@0<;0?LA29.=9B@
=<@6A6C2 9. =9B@ 6::K16.A2 2A 16?20A2:2;A 1<;;K2 >B6 @2 =B6@@2 H @.C<6? ;<A?2
:<:2;A=?K@2;A9B6:M:29XErlebnis .0AB29A<A.9A29>B2;<B@92C6C<;@1.;@A<BA2
@.0<:=92E6AK2A@.=9K;6AB12S(ibid.).
25
EDUCATION PERMANENTE n° 198/2014-1
mathias girel
 $BX69BA696@21.;@2921.9922A1L@9.=129XK16A6<;1202:M:2<BC?.42.6;@6>B212:.;6L?2
2EA2;@6C21.;@@.A?.1B0A6<;12Logique 122D2F

62; >B2 9<B?;<F .6A @.;@ 1<BA2 =2?JB 1.;@ 92B? 36;2@@2 92@ =<@6A6<;@ 12
.:2@69?2@A2>B292@A2?:2@1.;@92@>B29@691K0?6A02AR 2E=K?62;02? S3<;A@.;@
1<BA2A?<=1?<6AHB;2=569<@<=5621B1<;;K129.0<;@062;022A129X6;AK?6<?6AK2;
=9.>B.;A@B?9X2:=6?6@:2?.160.912@.=2?JB@=<?A.;A@B?9205.:=120<;@062;02
R "; =2BA ?K@B:2? 2; 4?<@ 9XE=K?62;02 <B 9. %K.96AK 1.;@ 02AA2 1K36;6A6<; >B2
.:2@2;1<;;2>B29>B2=.?AV(;05.:=120<;@062;020<:=?2;.;A@2@</72A@2;
A.;A>B2@2;A6@<B=2;@K@=9B@B;2.AA6AB12H9XK4.?11202@</72A@=9B@92@2;A6:2;A
1XB;:<6.B>B2902AA2.AA6AB12.==.?A62;AWS(ibid.). X2@A2;0<?2=9B@920.@129.
12?;6L?2?K0.=6AB9.A6<;>B29<B?;<F1<;;21202AA261K2R2:<:2;A.0AB2992
:2;ACK0B1.;@@<;6;AK4?.96AK0<;0?LA22A39B2;A2<P92=?K@2;A6;@2;@6/92:2;A@2
:B22;=.@@K2A0L12H9X.C2;6?C<69H1<;0=<B?05.0B;12;<B@92=6C<A12A<BA2
?K.96AK9202;A?212A<BA2;<A?20<;;.6@@.;021B?2@A212@05<@2@S2D2F
92@A=<@@6/92>B202A2EA2@<6A1K7H.C.;AA<BA02>B2*.59=<B??.K0?6?2@B?
920<;0?2A1L@@.A5L@212B;12@:26992B?@6;@A.;A.;K@=569<@<=56>B2@@B?
02AA2;<A6<;2A=2BAMA?2:M:2@B?9XErlebnis:.6@69@2:/921K960.A12?.:2;2?9.
=569<@<=562 12 9X2E=K?62;02 12 .:2@ H B;2 3<?:2 12 1K32;@2 1B =?6C69L42 1B
:<:2;A=?K@2;A6@<;@92.BA?2:2;A=<B?>B6.=?K@2;A@H9X2@=?6A92@=?2:62?@
05.=6A?2@12@Essais d’empirisme radical @B?R.0<;@062;022E6@A2A2992S2A
R (;:<;121X2E=K?62;02=B?2S69@2?.6A=<@@6/92/62;@Q?1296?2cum grano salis
12A29@=.@@.42@:.6@=<B?1X.BA?2@920A2B?@:<6;@.C2?A6@9.0.?.0AK?6@.A6<;>B2
1<;;2 9<B?;<F 0<??2@=<;1 /62; H 02 >B2 16@2;A 12@ R =569<@<=562@ 12 9.
0<;@062;02S=9B@09.@@6>B2@02992@=?K06@K:2;A1<;A.:2@2A2D2F<;AA2;AK12
@X.33?.;056?
La racine des sophismes de l’expérience
&X693.99.6A2:=9<F2?92C2?/2R 2E=K?62;02? S0<::202@.BA2B?@92?K@B9A.A
2;@2?.6A3I052BE0.?02@0.?.0AK?6@.A6<;@;2=2?:2AA2;A=.@123.6?21?<6AH02>B6
2@AB;12@</720A63@:.72B?@122D2F2A@.;@1<BA2.B:<6;@1B.:2@12La
notion de conscience 2A>B60<;@6@A2H1K0<;@A?B6?2B;@<=56@:2?K0B??2;A
1.;@ ;<A?2 ?.==<?A H 9X2E=K?62;02 X2E=K?62;02 0<::2 9X6@A<6?2 2@A H 9. 3<6@
>B<62A0<::2;A=<B?B;</72A69@X.46?.H9.3<6@129X2E=K?62;02129X</72A2A12
9.:.;6L?21<;A;<B@.==?K52;1<;@02A</72A6;A2?.46@@.;A.C209B6#<B?2D2F
9X2??2B? =?2:6L?2 2@A 12 0<B=2? 02AA2 B;6AK 1X./@A?.6?2 92 0<::2;A 1B >B<6 9.
:.;6L?21<;A;<B@;<B@?.==<?A<;@H9X</72A129X</72A>B6@2?.6A.9<?@=<B?@.=.?A
./.;1<;;K.BE@062;02@129.;.AB?229.?2C62;AH6;AK?6<?6@2?9X2E=K?62;022AA2
12?;6L?2@2?K1B6A.9<?@.BR3.6A123.6?29X2E=K?62;02S2D2F2A9X<;2;
C62;AHA?.6A2?02=?<02@@B@0<::2@X69@2@B336@.6AA2;A.A6<;>B6;2@2:/9.6A=.@
./@2;A212@<00B??2;02@06AK2@2;=?2:6L?2@20A6<;
2=<6;A121K=.?A129X2:=6?6@:2/62;0<:=?6@2@A02AA2B;6AK1B0<::2;A
2A1B>B<6>BX693.BA=.?3<6@?2@A.B?2?H?2/<B?@12A<BAB;=.;129.A?.16A6<;=569<
26
EDUCATION PERMANENTE n° 198/2014-1
mathias girel

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.BE16C6@6<;@/62;=?.A6>B2@>B2;<B@23320AB<;@=<B?/IA6?;<@A5K<?62@@B?9X2@
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=2;@2?>BX2992;2=9<;421.;@9.;.AB?2>B2=<B?02>B62@A129.0<4;6A6<;>B2
=<B?02>B62@A12;<A?2?.==<?AK=6@AK:<9<46>B2H9.;.AB?2<?0X2@A=<B?9B6B;
@<=56@:236;.92:2;A.B@@64?.C2>B292=?K0K12;A69F.1.;@9X2E=K?62;0212@
16:2;@6<;@C<96A6C2@2AK:<A6C2@1<;A692@A?B6;2BE12=2;@2?>BX2992@@<;AR5<?@
;.AB?2 S 0<::2 12 0?<6?2 >BX2992@ ;2 16@2;A ?62; 1B :<;12 1.;@ 92>B29 ;<B@
@<::2@=?6@2D2F;<A2>B2@69X<;3.6A12@K:<A6<;@2A12A<B@92@.3320A@
12@ =?<=?6KAK@ 1B @B72A @2B9 2A ;<; =.@ =.? 2E2:=92 12 @. A?.;@.0A6<; .C20 9.
;.AB?2<;.2;0<?2B;23<6@1K0<B=K92&<62A92:<;12R2@<6;212C62;A=.@
@2B92:2;AB;=L92?6;:.6@B;KA?.;42?1.;@B;:<;12<P69;X2@A=.@;.AB?.96@K2A
<P69;X..B0B;2@=<6?129XMA?29;XF.>BXB;2:.;6L?21XKC6A2?A<BA2@K=.?.A6<;
@A?60A22;A?2 9X2@=?6A>B62@A .B02;A?21B=?<02@@B@12 9X2E=K?62;022A92:<;12
;.AB?29@B?92>B2969=<?A229920<;@6@A2H.1:2AA?2>B2A<BA2@92@:<1.96AK@129X2E
=K?62;02@<;A.BA.;A12:.;6L?2@12@2?K.96@2?=<B?02?A.6;@A?.6A@.BA52;A6>B2@12
9.;.AB?2S2D2F
29.C.BA.B@@6=<B?9.16:2;@6<;2@A5KA6>B2@B?9.>B299212@.=2?JB@1K06
@63@@<;A1<;;K@1.;@L’art comme expérience, 92>B292@A.B@@6B;4?.;196C?2@B?
9X2E=K?62;022;4K;K?.9#<B?2D2F.C<6?B;22E=K?62;02C6C?2B;22E=K?62;02
02;X2@A=.@.C<6?12@.A<:2@12@2;@.A6<;@1X6;AB6A6<;@<B1X61K2@1.;@9.AMA2
0X2@A MA?2 2;4.4K 1.;@ B; 02?A.6; AF=2 12 ?.==<?A .C20 @<; 2;C6?<;;2:2;A 
R X2E=K?62;02 0<;02?;2 9X6;A2?.0A6<; 12 9X<?4.;6@:2 .C20 @<; 2;C6?<;;2:2;A
27
EDUCATION PERMANENTE n° 198/2014-1
mathias girel