Mari or the emergence of an urban phenomenon
The configuration of the city of Mari is the faithful reflection of the social, political and economic system that
generated it. It is a living testimony of the emergence of urban space and it wonderfully illustrates the dynamics that
characterized the first urban civilizations. Mari is a new city, created ex nihilo, over a circular plan of almost 2 km in
diameter and connected to the Euphrates River by a diversion canal. Two ramparts protect the city, which results
from the juxtaposition of erudite autonomous units that organize and structure the urban space. The impressive
defensive system is composed of an exterior dam that protects the city from exceptional ßoods and an approximately
6m-thick, 8m-high rampart, featuring towers and equipped with doors.
The development of the city of Mari was accompanied by the implementation of a monumental architecture, well
anchored in the Mesopotamian constructive tradition. The greatness of the palaces, the temples and the residences
conferred an exceptional character to the city.
Because it was founded around 2900 BCE, just in the beginning of the expansion of urbanisation, Mari allows the
study of urban expansion in Mesopotamia, and the changes that occurred in the rapid evolution from a rural way of
life to an urban way life, including all the changes related to economical, political and social organization. It is thus an
exceptional resource to understand one of the crucial periods in the development of humanity, to which we are still
deeply connected.
An exceptional testimony to the earthen architecture from the beginning of the Third millennium before our era 2,5 ha,
with still-standing walls, 4 to 5 m-high, on the official and western quarters, featuring remarkable mural paintings and
archives / office spaces. A thorough study allowed to restore a first level on the totality of the building, and to identify
the original internal organization, with the different functions and sector hierarchies. This palace alone makes it
possible to understand the royal architectural configurations present in the late Syro-Mesopotamian region between
the 21st and the 17th Centuries BCE; it is a unique document for the research on the techniques and concepts of the
architecture of time.
The palace of City II, partially released, is also a unique monument due to the quality of its conservation (6 m-high
walls in certain areas), but also due to its architectural quality, as well as the implementation of a remarkable link
between a large sanctuary - the "Crowned enclosure" - and the king's palace; here also, architectural concepts
dealing with the organisation and the implementation of innovative techniques, in particular in the area of roofing,
attest to the remarkable originality of the architecture of Mari.
Other monuments, houses or temples, deserve the same interest: all necessary measures must be taken to protect
and preserve the fragile architecture of Mari.
A very early example of urban planning
In order to secure a central position on the major commercial axis between North-western Syria and the Persian Gulf,
Mari had to undergo a rapid regional development on a large scale, with the installation of a system of irrigation
canals, partially dependent on a reservoir lake and on the implementation of a ship canal 120 km in length. The
evaluation of the importance of this installation would give us an idea of the technological advancement of Eastern
populations in the beginning of the urban era, and would help us understand how they conceived the world in which
they wanted to live.
Europos‐Dura represent another great archaeological find of historical and artistic interest. The very extensive site
comprises Hellenistic and Roman ruins enclosed within massive city walls, being situated on the right bank of the
middle course of the River Euphrates, about 90 kilometers along the road from Deir ez-Zor to the Abu-Kamal Bridge
and the present-day border with Iraq.
Europos-Dura has been discovered in 1920, explored from 1922 to 1924 by a French expedition led by F. Cumont,
from 1928 to 1937 by an American-French expedition led by M. I. Rostovtzeff and since 1986 by a Syrian-French
expedition founded by A. Mahmoud and P. Leriche and now led by A. Al Saleh and P. Leriche.
Covering about 140 acres, Europos-Dura was founded around 303 B.C. as a stronghold with military function by the
Seleucids on the route along the Euphrates. The city itself created around 150 B.C. was constructed mainly as a
means to deter Parthian attacks while simultaneously supplying goods to the Seleucid army.
In 113 B.C., the Parthians took the city from the Seleucids. They remained in control for three centuries, minus a brief
Roman interlude from A.D. 115 to 117, after which they resumed power. The Parthians maintained a similar