particulier, nous testerons (1) si les juvéniles transfèrent de la nourriture à leur mère et quels
en sont les bénéfices, (2) quels sont les comportements et signaux chimiques qui permettent et
accompagnent ce transfert et (3) quelles conditions favorisent ces échanges. La deuxième
partie du projet s’intéressera aux potentiels bénéfices immunitaires de ces soins en testant (4)
si les juvéniles expriment des soins spécifiques lorsque leur mère est infectée et/ou exposée à
des pathogènes (un phénomène appelé immunité sociale ; Meunier 2015) et en étudiant (5) le
rôle des interactions mère-juvéniles dans le système immunitaire de la mère. Dans leur
ensemble, les résultats de ce projet devraient permettre de démontrer que les parents de
forficule ont des intérêts directs à rester avec leur juvéniles. Plus généralement, ils pourraient
suggérer que ces bénéfices sont communs dans la nature et donc qu’ils constituent un moteur
central, bien que jusqu’ici oublié, de l’émergence et du maintien de la vie de famille chez les
animaux.
Références : Klug H, Bonsall MB (2014) Ecol Evol 4:2330–2351 // Koch LK, Meunier J (2014) BMC Evol Biol
14:125 // Kölliker M (2007) Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:1489–1497 // Kramer J, Körner M, Diehl JMC, Meunier J
(Under Review) // Kramer J, Thesing J, Meunier J (2015) J Evol Biol 28:1299–1308 // Lamb RJ (1976) Can J
Entomol 108:609–619. // Mas F, Kölliker M (2011) Biol Lett 7:352–354 // Meunier J (2015) Philos Trans R Soc
London B: Biol Sci 370:20140102 // Meunier J, Kölliker M (2012) Biol Lett 8:547–550 // Meunier J, Wong
JWY, Gómez Y, et al (2012) Evol Ecol 26:669–682 // Royle NJ, Smiseth PT, Kölliker M (2012), Oxford Uni.
Oxford University Press, Oxford // Thesing J, Kramer J, Koch LK, Meunier J (2015) Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
282:20151617 // Wilson EO (1971) Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Harvard
4. Résumé en anglais :
Do offspring care for their parents? Shedding light on a surprisingly overlooked
evolutionary driver of family life in insects
Although family life is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, it is still unclear as to why parents
remain with their newborn juveniles (Royle et al. 2012). A long-standing assumption to
explain this phenomenon has been that the expression of parental care provides indirect
benefits to the parents, mostly by enhancing the development and survival of their juveniles
(Klug and Bonsall 2014). However, recent studies revealed that these benefits are limited in
many family-living species, so that parental care is unlikely to solely explain the maintenance
of parent-offspring interactions in nature. One of these species is the European earwig
Forficula auricularia, an insect in which mothers provide care to their offspring for several
weeks and in which juveniles are mobile and quickly capable to forage by themselves (Lamb
1976; Meunier et al. 2012). Our works revealed that in earwigs, maternal presence does not
only provide benefits, but also - and more surprisingly - costs to their juveniles (Kölliker
2007; Koch and Meunier 2014; Kramer et al. 2015; Thesing et al. 2015), particularly under
harsh environmental conditions (Kramer et al. under review; Meunier and Kölliker 2012).
Moreover, mother-offspring interactions can be costly for earwig mothers, as the expression
of maternal care has been shown to delay their investment into future reproduction (Mas and
Kölliker 2011). Overall, these results reveal that family life possibly comes with important
direct and indirect costs for the mothers, raising the question as to why they actively remain
with their newborn juveniles?
The main goal of this project is to test a novel hypothesis to explain this phenomenon: do
offspring care for their parents? The present project will use the European earwig as a
model system and mainly involve methods of the behavioral ecology, immune-ecology and
chemical ecology. In the first part of this project, we will study the nutritional benefits of
juvenile care by (1) testing whether juveniles provision their mothers with food and what are
the associated benefits, (2) determining the behaviors and chemical signatures mediating this
transfer and (3) studying the conditions favoring and/or inhibiting these transfers. In the