
C3 Maroc- Plancher en bois avec support de sol coulé.
Ce projet est financé par le programme MEDA de l'Union Européenne. Les opinions exprimées dans le présent document ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position de l'Union Européenne ou de ses Etats membres. 5/6
DESCRIPTION DE MISE EN OEUVRE
Le maçon peut procéder de deux façons
Méthode 1 :
Monter les maçonneries et réaliser des réserves nécessaires pour accueillir les sections de poutre puis procéder à la pose des poutres après les
avoir levées au moyen de palans et poulies.
Cette technique nécessite le bourrage ou le scellement au mortier des espaces entre mur et poutres. Monter la maçonnerie et, au fur et à mesure
de l’avancement, poser les poutres, celles-ci servant ainsi d’échafaudage.
Puis poser une couche servant de dalle de répartition et de coffrage perdu.
Enfin couler la dalle.
Méthode 2 :
Monter les maçonneries et réaliser des réserves nécessaires pour accueillir les sections de poutre puis procéder à la pose des poutres après les
avoir levées au moyen de palans et poulies.
Cette technique nécessite le bourrage ou le scellement au mortier des espaces entre mur et poutres. Monter la maçonnerie et, au fur et à mesure
de l’avancement poser les poutres, puis procéder à la pose d’échafaudage et de coffrage sous ou entre les solives.
Enfin couler la dalle, attendre qu’elle sèche et reprendre le procéder de niveaux en niveaux.
Exemple en Espagne (Texte en Anglais) : Timber beam floor with beam fill of plaster
Prerequisites :
The number of workers required is three: the mason, an assistant and a labourer.
Materials:
Logs or timber ties with lengthwise grooves for the vault ; Plaster ; Earth (possibly). Earth with clay content taken from a nearby pit ; Ceramic rubble
Tools:
Transport :Transport with animal traction: cart and mules ; Digger
Preparing the materials : Hand beater (without handle) ; Mixer
Realisation : Timber vault framework. This consists of three timbers centring elements cut in an arch shape and divided in half, and wedges of the
same material. The surface of the framework is made up of timber laths measuring about 2 metres long, joined at the two ends and in the middle
by three leather straps. The width of the centring pieces corresponds to the beam fill and in length they measure approximately 2 metres. ; Vault
framework with sack (in the case of beams with an irregular section). The sack is filled with straw. ; Darby ; Ladder
Preparation :
Wall: Depending on the technique used to build the wall, it may go beyond or just reach the height at which the ceiling rests.
Preparing the materials: A supply of timber beams is prepared on site; The beams may be regular or irregular in section. In the latter case, the
technique varies considerably; A supply of plaster is prepared; A supply of ceramic rubble or other infill materials is prepared.
Construction with beams of regular section :
- The beams rest on the wall at a distance of approximately 35-40 cm.
- The vault framework is installed at one end of one of the between-beam spaces. This is done by positioning the first centring piece between the
heads of the beams, where it is chocked into place using wedges. Another centring element is positioned approximately one metre from the
first, and the third at approximately two metres. The surface formed by laths and leather straps is positioned on the three centring pieces so
that the ends of the straps hang below the beams. The straps ends are tied in pairs, so that the laths form a curved surface, following the
shape of the centring.
- A space is prepared for the preparation of materials near the first vault to be built, with a provisional ceiling of timber boards resting on the
beams. The mason and the assistant climb up the ladder onto the timber boarding, with the mixer parallel to the mould which has been
positioned in place and the beater, and the labourer remains below to hand up the materials as required.
- The labourer uses mortar troughs, a bucket and a rope with a hook or grapple to lift the necessary plaster for a batch, water and some rubble.
- The assistant mixes the plaster with the water in the mixer using the beater.
- Earth-plaster mortar may be used, in which case earth must be added. This type of mortar is less expensive.
- The assistant turns the contents of the mixer into the mould and the mason spreads the plaster paste manually over its surface.
- Ceramic rubble is scattered over the layer of plaster.
- The operations of mixing, emptying and spreading plaster and scattering ceramic rubble are repeated to form several layers until they come
level with the beams. The material is contained within the moulds by dots of the same material and ceramic rubble.
- The consistency of the filling material makes it possible to form the end of one of the vaults with no need for a side mould to contain it.
- As soon as the beam level has been reached, the mould is taken down. The leather straps are untied. The wedges are removed from the
centring, the centring itself is taken down and the laths are removed by pulling on the straps.
- The time taken for the plaster to set makes it possible to remove the mould immediately, because when the final layer of the vault is being built,
the first is already strong enough to support the new part. The vault is supported by the lengthwise grooves in the corresponding beams.
- The steps involved in assembling the mould, building the vault and removing the mould are repeated until the whole ceiling has been covered.
- The rate of construction of vaults, as described here, is about eight moulds a day, representing about 16 m of beam filling.
Construction with beams of irregular section :
- In this case, the technique varies as follows: Beams which are not square-sawn have one larger and one smaller end. The beams are
positioned on the wall, alternating a large-diametered head with a smaller one.
- This system of positioning tends to level out the top surface of the ceiling and distribute the load uniformly.
- The straw-filled sack is positioned below and between two beams and is kept firmly pressed in this position.
- The vault is then built as described above. The sack acts as an adaptable mould.
- The result is a series of irregular beam fills. The section of the beam in this case supports the vault with no need for a groove.
Observations :
The paving laid on this ceiling is ceramic tiles, attached with earth mortar.