ME202-IncompressibleFluidMechanics

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Incompressible Fluid Mechanics
Book · February 2017
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Ihsan Y. Hussain
University of Baghdad - College of Engineering
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Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research
University of Baghdad – College of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain
Mech. Engr. Dept. / College of Engr. – University of Baghdad
February 2017 Jamada Al-Aoula 1438

Incompressible Fluid Mechanics
2017
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of Baghdad
Page 2
Preface
The present book is a handout lectures for the B.Sc. Course
ME202 : Fluid Mechanics / I. The course is designed for B.Sc. Sophomore Students in
the Mechanical Engineering Discipline. The time schedule needed to cover the course
material is 32 weeks, 3 hrs. per week. The course had been taught by the author (course
tutor) for more than 25 years. A short c.v. for the author is given below;
 Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Baghdad - 1964
 B.Sc. ( 1986 ), M.Sc. ( 1989 ), & Ph.D. ( 1997 ) in Mechanical
Engineering from the Mech. Engr. Dept. – University of Baghdad
 Professor of Mechanical Engineering – Thermo-Fluids
 Teaching Undergraduate Courses and Laboratories in Various
Iraqi Universities ( Baghdad, Al-Kufa, Babylon, Al - Nahrain ….)
in Various Subjects of Mechanical Engineering
 Teaching Advanced Graduate Courses (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) in various
Iraqi Universities (Baghdad, Technology, Babylon, Al-Kufa, Al-Mustansyrya, Al-
Nahrain…) in the Areas of ( Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, CFD, Porous Media, Gas
Dynamics, Viscous Flow, FEM, BEM
 Lines of Research Covers the Following Fields ;
 Aerodynamics
 Convection Heat Transfer ( Forced, Free, and Mixed )
 Porous Media ( Flow and Heat Transfer )
 Electronic Equipment Cooling
 Heat Transfer in Manufacturing Processes ( Welding, Rolling, … etc. )
 Inverse Conduction
 Turbomachinery ( Pumps, Turbines, and Compressors )
 Heat Exchangers
 Jet Engines
 Phase-Change Heat Transfer
 Boundary Layers ( Hydrodynamic and Thermal )
 Head of the Mech. Engr. Dept. / College of Engineering - University of Baghdad ( December
/ 2007 – October / 2011 )
 Member of Iraqi Engineering Union (Official No. 45836).
 ASHRAE Member ( 8161964 )
 Head of ( Quality Improvement Council of Engineering Education in Iraq QICEEI )
 Supervised ( 41 ) M.Sc. Thesis and ( 20 ) Ph.D. Dissertations
 Publication of more than (70) Papers in the Various Fields Mentioned above
 Member in the Evaluation and Examining Committees of more than ( 300 ) M.Sc. and Ph.D.
Students in their Theses and Dissertations
 Member of the Editing Committee of a number of Scientific Journals
 Evaluation of more than ( 700 ) Papers for Various Journals and Conferences
 Working within the Mechanical Groups in the Consulting Engineering Bureau, College of
Engineering, University of Baghdad, and in the Dept. of Mech. Engr. , in the Mechanical
Design of Various Projects
 Contact Information :
 E-mail: [e-mail] : dr.ihsan[email protected]
[email protected]
 Skype Name : drihsan11
 Mobile No. : [phone] : [phone]

Incompressible Fluid Mechanics
2017
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of Baghdad
Page 3
"Table of Contents"
Section
Page
No.
Table of Contents
3
I. Preface
7
I.1 General Approach
7
I.2 Learning Tools
7
I.3 Contents
9
I.4 Time Scheduling Table
10
I.5 Laboratory Experiments
10
I.6 Textbook and References
11
I.7 Assessments
11
Chapter -1- : Introductory Concepts
12
1.1 Definition of Fluids and Fluid Mechanics
12
1.2 Scope and Applications of Fluid Mechanics
14
1.3 Dimensions and Units
15
1.4 Newton's Law of Viscosity for Fluids
16
1.5 Basic Definitions and Concepts
18
Examples
25
Problems
27
Chapter - 2- : Fluid Statics
28
2.1Introduction
28
2.2 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
28
2.2.1 Pressure Variation with Direction
28
2.2.2 Pressure Variation in Space
29
2.2.3 Basic Hydrostatic Equation
30
2.2.4 Pressure Variation for Incompressible Fluids
31
2.2.5 Pressure Variation for Compressible Fluids
31
2.3 Pressure Measurements
32
2.3.1 Absolute and Gage Pressure
32
2.3.2 Atmospheric Pressure Measurements
33
2.3.3 Gage Pressure Measurements
34
2.3.3.1 Bourdon Gage
34
2.3.3.2 Pressure Transducers
34
2.3.3.3 Manometers
34
2.3.3.3.1 Piezometer
35
2.3.3.3.2 Differential Manometers
36
2.3.3.3.3 Micro Manometer
36
2.3.3.3.4 Inclined Manometer
36
2.4 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces
37
2.4.1 Horizontal Surfaces
37
2.4.2 Inclined Surfaces
38

Incompressible Fluid Mechanics
2017
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of Baghdad
Page 4
2.4.3 Curved Surfaces
40
2.5 Buoyancy
42
2.5.1 Hydrometers
44
2.6 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies
44
2.6.1 Submerged Bodies
44
2.6.2 Floating Bodies
45
2.6.3 Metacenter
46
2.7 Relative Equilibrium
47
2.7.1 Uniform Linear Acceleration
47
2.7.2 Uniform Rotation
49
Examples
50
Problems
55
Chapter -3- : Fluid Flow Concepts
56
3.1 Definitions and Concepts
56
3.2 General Control Volume Equation
61
3.3 Law of Conservation of Mass: Continuity Equation
63
3.3.1 Continuity Equation at a Point
63
3.4 Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy Equation
64
3.4.1 Bernoulli's Equation
67
3.5 Law of Conservation of Liner Momentum: Momentum Equation
69
3.5.1 Applications of Momentum Equation
70
3.5.1.1 Fixed Vanes (Blades)
70
3.5.1.2 Moving Vanes (Blades)
71
3.5.1.2.1 Single Moving Vane
71
3.5.1.2.2 Series of Moving Vanes
72
3.5.1.3 Forces on pipe Bends
73
3.5.1.4 Theory of Propellers
74
3.5.1.5 Jet Propulsion
75
3.5.1.6 Rocket Mechanics
76
3.5.2 Euler's Equation of Motion
77
3.5.3 Bernoulli's Equation
77
3.6 Some Applications of Continuity, Momentum and Energy Equations
78
3.6.1 Losses due to Sudden Expansion
78
3.6.2 Hydraulic Jump
79
3.7Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum: Moment of Momentum
Equation
79
Examples
81
Problems
87
Chapter -4- : Dimensional Analysis And Similitude
88
4.1 Introduction
88
4.1.1 Dimensions and Units
88
4.2 Dimensional Analysis
90
4.2.1 The Buckingham II - Theorem
91