D−1
p
DpD−1
p=In
RfC
p
p
C C
R
f
e2iπ
1−e2iπ = 0
zpq =zpzq
zln(z)z1/p
Mp
•
L1←λL1+L2λ
•M3−λI3
1
2
−λ1 1
1−λ1
1 1 −λ
•
•
•
•
P
P P −1MP
P
P−1MP
Mn
p=P DnP−1
Dpp
p p
Dp
Mp
D−1
p
Mp
R C
1
1
Mp
1
1
=
1
1
G0
−1<cos(2kπ/p)<1
cos ((2kπ/p)n) (cos(2kπ/p))n
xsin x6= 0
Z N
R
R\ {kπ, k ∈Z}S
k∈Z
]kπ, (k+ 1)π[
f E(f(X)) = f(E(X))
sin cos
]0, π/2]
0
]0, π/2]
p q
sin x∼
0x
u v ln u∼ln v
1
/
4
100%
