• Research Project!(ENG):
This project aims at improving our understanding of atmospheric deep convection and its spatial
organization. Organized convection, for instance, squall lines or tropical cyclones (Fig.1 ), with their associated
clouds, strong precipitation, and winds, can cause severe material damage and can be deadly. Improving our
understanding of clouds, how they couple to circulations in the present climate, and how clouds and circulation
will respond to global warming have been identified as some of the grand challenges by the World Climate
Research Programme (WCRP, see http://www.wcrp-climate.org/grand-challenges/gc-clouds for more
information).
The organization of clouds is ubiquitous in the tropics, but is not well understood and is typically not
accounted for in global climate models. One particular type of convective organization that has received
attention recently (see for instance [1,2,3,4,5,9,10,12]) is the self-aggregation of convection, taking the form of
cloud clusters, or tropical cyclones in the presence of rotation. This is the topic of this research project.
Scientific questions addressed:
Self-aggregation and cyclogenesis
Self-aggregation is believed to play an important role in cyclogenesis [6,11], but the conditions that
favor self-aggregation are still unclear. In this project, we will investigate in detail the physical process
responsible for the aggregation, and how aggregation couples to a large-scale circulation.
Sensitivity to climate change
It has been recently suggested that the self-aggregated state could be the preferred stable equilibrium of
tropical convection under warm sea-surface temperatures [4]. With global warming, the tropics could therefore
switch to this self-aggregated state. Given the large changes in large-scale properties accompanying self-
aggregation, this has important implications for climate sensitivity. The sensitivity of self-aggregation to
temperature, and vice versa, will be investigated in this project.
Questions addressed
Specifically, we will address the following questions:
⁃Cloud radiative processes, in particular in the longwave, have been shown to play a crucial role in the
self-aggregation of convection [9]. Clear sky radiation has also been identified as a key ingredient in
theoretical models of self-aggregation [4]. Cold pools have been shown to impact the aggregation as
well [5,10]. How do those various physical processes help trigger and maintain the aggregation? Can
we determine which one, if any, dominates in the tropical atmosphere?
⁃Is self-aggregation favored at warmer temperatures, and why? Does the dominant feedback vary with
temperature? In particular, does clear-sky radiation play a larger role at warmer temperatures?
⁃How does aggregation respond and couple to a large-scale circulation?
Methods
We will use theoretical and numerical tools. Specifically the numerical model that will be used is the
high-resolution cloud-resolving model SAM [7]. This model has already been extensively used by the authors
and many others to investigate the properties of tropical convection. Simulations with the future high-resolution
climate model of IPSL, DYNAMICO, will also be performed to investigate aggregation in realistic settings.
Theoretical studies and simple analytical models of the tropical atmosphere will accompany the numerical
simulations when possible, based on existing idealized models [2,8,9].